Weathering: Disintegration of rocks in situ Physical Weathering Size and shape of rocks altered but not the chemical composition Angular and coarse end- products Some involvement of water in the processes (e.g. freeze- thaw and salt crystal growth) Effective in extreme climate conditions Chemical Weathering Physical structure and chemical composition of rocks altered Finer end-products (e.g. clay and sand) Water (rainwater, seawater) is important as the main solvent in all processes Effective in vegetated areas and hot and wet climate
Chemical WeatheringChemical Weathering Hydrolysis Carbonation Oxidation Solution
Karst LandscapeKarst Landscape
Insolation WeatheringInsolation Weathering
Pressure ReleasePressure Release
Salt Crystal GrowthSalt Crystal Growth
Freeze-Thaw Action/ Frost Shattering
Factor 1: Rock HardnessFactor 1: Rock Hardness Rock Hardness- dependent on minerals that form rocks and how minerals are cemented together Igneous stronger than Sedimentary rocks. Why? Least important factor since all rocks ultimately experience weathering once they are exposed to weathering agents
Factor 2: Mineral composition Influence rock resistance to chemical weathering Weaker minerals: calcium carbonate, olivine and pyroxene Stronger minerals: quartz Influence also physical weathering like insolation weathering because of differences in coefficient of expansion and contraction of minerals
Factor 3: Grain size of rocks Coarse-grained rocks weathered down faster than fine- grained rocks When minerals susceptible to changes are altered (e.g. feldspar), larger gaps are formed, weakened structure, larger gap provides bigger surface area for further chemical attack
Factor 4: Lines of Weakness of rocks Lines of weakness (e.g. cracks, joints, bedding planes) found in rocks make them more susceptible to both physical and chemical weathering. How? The more well-jointed the rock is, the faster the rate of physical, chemical and even biological weathering
Factor 5: ReliefFactor 5: Relief On flat land, soil and weathered materials can retain water which seeps through them and acts on the underlying rocks chemically On slopes, mass movements, like landslides and slumping, expose more underlying rocks for physical weathering. Chemical weathering less effective on steep slopes as water flows away
Factor 6: Vegetation coverFactor 6: Vegetation cover Vegetation cover can retain rainwater and keeps underlying rocks moist for chemical weathering to take place Biological weathering common too
Factor 7: Human activitiesFactor 7: Human activities How do human activities contribute to weathering?
Weathering regions of the world in relation to mean annual temperature and precipitation (Peltier,1950)