What is an Animal? Multicellular heterotrophs Ingest their food Lack cell walls Most reproduce sexually, with swimming sperm and non-motile egg Some have sexually immature larval stage The following are the phyla of the animal kingdom …

Tissues Symmetry Coelom Protostome / Deuterostome

Porifera (pore bearers) No True tissues Either no symmetry or radial symmetry Suspension feeders Most are hermaphroditic

Cnidaria Radial symmetry All have cnidocytes Diploblastic Gastrovascular cavity (no anus) Carniverous Body plan: Polyp Medusa Simple muscle system Simple nerve net nervous system, no brain

Cnidarian Classes: Hydrozoa Scyphozoa: Cubozoa Anthozoa: Alternate polyp and medusa in life cycle Examples: colonial hydroids, Portuguese Man of War fire coral Scyphozoa: Prominent medusa Examples jellyfish Cubozoa Anthozoa: Polyps are dominant; there are is no medusa stage Corals and sea anemones

Class Hydrozoa Colonial hydroid colonies Typical colony Portugese man-of-war Typical colony

Class Hydrozoa Fire coral; millipora sp.

Class Scyphozoa Cassiopeia sp. (Upside down jellyfish)

Class Scyphozoa Aurelia aurita http://www.marinelifeimages.com/carib/creat/

Class Cubozoa: Sea Wasp

Anthozoa (corals) http://www.marinelifeimages.com/carib/scene/index.html

Indonesian coral

Anthozoa (corals) Diploria labyrinthiformis Montastrea annularis Montastrea cavernosa www.angelfire.com/ ga/cozumeldiving/MMT.html

Gorgonian (fan) coral

Anthozoa (Anemones) Stoichactis helianthus http://netdial.caribe.net/~avelazco/english/galery/H_Marinas/002.htm

Anthozoa (Anemones) Condylactis gigantea www.scubacentro.com/ gallery2.htm

Phylum Ctenophora Comb jellies Only 100 species Have pair of long retractable tentacles They are not toxic and the ones we will see are very small. Often confused with medusae. “Combs” are 8 rows of ciliated plates which refract light and make them irridescent.

Platyhelminthes (flat worms) Bilateral symmetry Cephalization Triploblastic, so has muscular system Organs

Four classes: Turbellaria, the free-living flatworms sometimes found in Jamaica. Monogenea, Trematoda and Cestoda are all parasitic. We will not be collecting trematodes or cestodes in the waters of Jamaica

                                                                             

Protostome Phyla:

Mollusca Bilateral symmetry Open circulatory system Soft bodied, with hard shell protection No segmentation Radula; rasping tongue to scrape food True coelom Many internal organs Three body parts Foot Visceral mass Mantle

Four classes Polyplacophora Gastropods Chitons Cling to rocks Live on rocky shores Use muscular foot to grip Gastropods Snails, slugs, nudibranchs Largest class Shell protects body Torsion leads to twisted body Uses radula to scrape algae and graze on plants

Bivalves: Cephalopods Clams, oysters, mussels, scallops Possess shell divided and hinged into two halves Filter feeders Sedentary lifestyle Cephalopods Squid and octopus and nautilus Use jaws to bite prey Mouth as base of foot (foot drawn into several tentacles) Complex brains and capable of learning and moving fast Mantle reduced or absent

Polyplacophora (the chitons) Chiton marmoratus Acanthopleura granulata Chiton tuberculatus http://home.inreach.com/burghart/eastcoas.html

Gastropods http://mscserver.cox.miami.edu/MSC23205/Rocky.pdf

Bivalves Codakia orbicularis www.trapperjohn411.com/ codakia_orbicularis.htm

Cephalopods                                                                                                                                                                    

Cephalopods

Annelids SEGMENTATION! Closed circulatory system Gas exchange across skin

Evolutionary trends in Annelids Coelom serves as hydrostatic skeleton Developed complex organ system Protects internal structures Segmentation Specialization of body segments

Three classes: Polychaetes:(mostly marine) Oligocheates Bristle worms Fanworms Tube dwellers Oligocheates Earthworms (not important in this course) Hirudinea: (we won’t see these either) Leaches Used to treat bruised tissues and to stimulate circulation

Polychaetes

Arthropods Key characteristics: Jointed appendages Segmentation Hard exoskeletons Extensive cephalization Open circulatory system Gas exchange gills in water, book lungs or spiracles on land

Subphyla Subphylum Chelicerata (includes Arachnids, the spiders, but not our problem) Subphylum Uniramia (includes the Insects. Use your insect repellant to avoid) Subphylum Crustacea (these you will seek, find and identify) Crabs, lobsters, hermit crabs

Crustaceans                                                                                                      

Deuterostome Phyla:

Echinoderms Secondarily evolved radial symmetry Unique water vascular system Has mouth and anus Has endoskeleton

Classes Asteroidea Ophiuroidea Echinoidea Holothuroidea Crinoidea Sea stars Ophiuroidea Brittle stars Echinoidea Sea urchins and sand dollars Holothuroidea Sea cucumbers Crinoidea Sea lillies feather stars

Asteroidea Oreaster reticulatus

Ophiuroidea (brittle stars) Ophiocoma echinata Ophioderma appressum

Echinoidea Tripneustes ventricosus Clypeaster rosaceus                                                                               Tripneustes ventricosus Clypeaster rosaceus Eucidaris tribuloides

Holothuroidea Holothuria mexicana

Crinoidea: feather stars

Phylum Chordata Invertebrate chordates we will see: Subphylum Urochordata: Tunicates, or sea squirts Vertebrate chordates: Subphylum Vertebrata Fish

To what phylum and class does this organism belong? Phylum Annelida Class polychaeta

To what phylum and class does this organism belong? Phylum Cnidaria Class Anthozoa

To what phylum and class does this organism belong? Phylum Mollusca Class bivalvia

subphylum does this organism belong? To what phylum and subphylum does this organism belong? Phylum Chordata Subphylum vertebrata

To what phylum and class does this organism belong? Phylum Echinodermata Class Asteroidea

To what phylum and subphylum does this organism belong? Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Crustacea

subphylum do these organisms belong? To what phylum and subphylum do these organisms belong? Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata

To what phylum and class does this organism belong? Phylum Mollusca Class Cephalopoda

To what phylum and class does this organism belong? Phylum Cnidaria Class Anthozoa

To what phylum and class do these organisms belong? Phylum Cnidaria Class Hydrozoa

To what phylum does this organism belong? Phylum Porifera

To what phylum and class does this organism belong? Phylum Echinodermata Class Echinoidea

To what phylum and class does this organism belong? Cyphoma gibbosum Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda

To what phylum and class does this organism belong? Phylum Mollusca Class Polyplacophora

To what phylum and class do these organisms belong? Phylum Echinodermata Class Holothuroidea

What evolutionary innovation both led to and limited the success of the phylum to which this organism belongs? . . . the exoskeleton

What type of symmetry does this organism exhibit? . . . none

. . . bilateral symmetry and celphalization What two evolutionary innovations are common to the phylum to which this organism belongs? . . . bilateral symmetry and celphalization

What type of symmetry does this organism, and others belonging to the same phylum, exhibit? . . . radial symmetry

To what phylum and class does this organism belong? Phylum Echinodermata Class Ophiuroidea

To what phylum and class do these organisms belong? Tridachia crispata Cittarium pica Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda

To what phylum and class do these organisms belong?                                        Phylum Cnidaria Class Scyphozoa

To what phylum and class does this organism belong? Phylum Mollusca Class Cephalopoda

The end

                                       Soft coral polyps

To what phylum and class do these organisms belong? Tridachia crispata Cittarium pica Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda

To what phylum and class do these organisms belong?                                        Phylum Cnidaria Class Scyphozoa

To what phylum and class does this organism belong? Phylum Mollusca Class Cephalopoda

The end

                                       Soft coral polyps

                                      

Anemones