Genitourinary System Urinary System for Male & Female Reproductive System for Male

Purpose of the Urinary System Regulate composition of the extracellular fluids of the body Removes harmful substances in urine – Nitrogenous wastes – Excess electrolytes

Purpose of the Urinary System Hormones – Kidneys secrete Erythropoietin Acts on bone marrow to stimulate production of red blood cells

Structures of the Urinary System

How it works Renal Artery – Carries blood that contains waste to the Kidneys Renal Vein – Carries clean blood away from Kidneys Urine – Formed from the waste left by the blood

How it works

Nephron – 1 million nephrons – Constant adjustment & regulation of contents of blood plasma Ub0Df44Wk Ub0Df44Wk

How it Works Renal Pelvis – Urine is moved to once clean blood leaves Kidney Ureters: – 10-12in long, use peristaltic waves to move urine from Kidney to Bladder

How it Works

How it works Bladder – Temporary reservoir – Rugae-expand as bladder fills Urethra – Women 1.5 inches – Men 7-8 inches

How it works

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Male Reproductive System Purpose – Produce, maintain & transport sperm – Produce the male hormone testosterone

Anatomy Scrotum: external sac – Holds two testes: secrete testosterone Each has numerous small tubes called seminiferous tubules which produce sperm

Anatomy Epididymis: single tightly coiled tube laying over the superior surface of each testis – Stores sperm once it leaves the seminiferous tubules

Anatomy The Epididymus forms into the Vas Deferens: carries the sperm to the Seminal Vesicle

Anatomy The Vas Deferens joins the seminal vesicle – Nutrients to maintain sperm viability – Produces approximately 60% of the seminal fluid Ejaculatory Duct: at the end of the seminal vesicle & Vas Deferens

Anatomy Ejaculatory duct passes through the Prostate Gland – Secretes alkaline substance, accounts for about 30% of seminal fluid – Protects sperm from acidity of vagina

Anatomy Bulbourethral Glands: produce alkaline fluid necessary to keep sperm alive

Anatomy During Ejaculation – Sphincter at base of bladder closes Preventing urine from being expelled with semen Preventing semen from entering the bladder

Anatomy Penis – Glans penis: enlarged tip of the penis – Urethral orifice (meatus) – Prepuce (foreskin)

Vocabulary Andr/o Balan/o Epididym/o Perine/o Prostat/o Spermat/o, sperm/o Varic/o Vas/o Vesicul/o Orch/o, orchi/o, orchid/o, test/o

Anorchidism Congenital absence of one or both testes

Aspermia Failure to form or ejaculate semen

Balanitis Inflammation of the skin covering the glans penis

Epispadias Malformation in which the urethra opens on the dorsum of the penis

Hypospadias Developmental anomaly in which the urethra opens on the underside of the penis, or in extreme cases, on the perineum

Erectile Dysfunction (ED) Repeated inability to initiate or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse

Hydrocele Accumulation of serous fluids in a saclike cavity, especially the testes and associated structures

Phimosis Stenosis or narrowing of preputial orifice so that the foreskin cannot be retracted over the glans penis

Testicular Torsion Testicles become lose and twist on themselves cutting off blood flow This is an emergency – Surgery within 5 hrs to save testicle

Clamydia

Gonorrhea

Specialties Urology: branch of medicine concerned with male & female urinary disorders & diseases & male reproductive system Urologist: Physician who specializes in genitourinary disorders

Specialties Nephrology: Branch of medicine concerned with diseases of the Kidneys Nephrologist: Physician who specializes in diseases of the Kidneys

Cystitis Bladder infection – Often caused by pooling of urine in the bladder leading to a bacteria breeding ground

Pyelonephritis Bacteria invades the renal pelvis and kidney tissue – Often resulting from and untreated bladder infection

Symptoms of Pyelonephritis Pyuria: Large quantities of white blood cells in the urine Hematuria: Red blood cells in the urine

Glomerulonephritis Condition that causes the glomerular walls to become inflamed

Nephrolithiasis Stones (calculi) may form in any part of the urinary tract (urolithiasis), but most arise in the kidney – Dissolved urine salts begin to solidify

Nephrolithiasis Colic: intense throbbing pain caused by the movement of the stone through the urinary tract Urine backflows into the renal pelvis causing them to dilate (reflux)

Nephrolithiasis Treatment Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL): calculi are pulverized using ultrasonic waves Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL): Cut into skin and use a nephroscope to remove stone

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Prostate gland enlarges and decreases the urethral lumen

Cryptorchidism Failure of the testes to descend into the scrotal sac prior to birth – Often descend by the end of the first year

Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) The tubular portion of the nephron is injured by a decrease in blood supply or after ingestion of toxic chemicals

Anuria Absence of urine production or urinary output

Bladder Neck Obstruction (BNO) Blockage at base of the bladder that reduces or prevents urine from passing into the urethra

Chronic Renal Failure Renal failure that occurs over a period of years, in which the kidneys lose their ability to maintain volume and composition of body fluids

Dysuria Painful or difficult urination, commonly described as a “burning sensation” while urinating

Urinary Issues Enuresis: Involuntary discharge of urine Frequency: Voiding urine at frequent intervals Hesitancy: Involuntary delay in initiating urination

Nocturia Excessive or frequent urination after going to bed

Oliguria Diminished capacity to form and pass urine, resulting in inefficient excretion of the end products of metabolism

Urgency Feeling of the need to void immediately

Digital Rectal Examination (DRE) Screening test that assesses the rectal wall surface for lesions or abnormally firm areas that might indicate cancer

Electromyography (EMG) Measures the contraction of muscles that control urination using electrodes placed in the rectum and urethra

Testicular self-examination (TSE) Self-examination of the testes for abnormal lumps or swelling in the scrotal sac

Urethroscopy/Cystoscopy Endoscopy of the urethra or urinary bladder using a specialized endoscope, typically for lithotripsy

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) Test that determines the amount of urea nitrogen, a waste product of protein metabolism, present in a blood sample

Culture and Sensitivity (C&S) Test that determines the causative organism of a disease and how the organism responds to various antibiotics

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) Blood test used to detect prostatic disorders, especially prostatic cancer

Semen Analysis Test that analyzes a semen sample for volume, sperm count, motility, and morphology to evaluate fertility or verify sterilization after a vasectomy

Urinalysis (UA) Battery of tests performed on a urine specimen, including physical observation, chemical tests, and microscopic evaluation

Voiding cystourethrography Radiological examination of the bladder and urethra performed before, during, and after voiding using a contrast medium to enhance imaging

Dialysis Medical Procedure used to filter toxic substances from the patient’s bloodstream, such as excess electrolytes and nitrogenous wastes

Hemodialysis Method of removing waste substances from the blood

Peritoneal Removal of toxic substances from the body by perfusing the peritoneal cavity with a warm, sterile chemical solution

Circumcision Removal of all or part of the foreskin, or prepuce, of the penis

Orchidectomy Removal or one or both testes, also called orchiectomy

Urethrotomy Incision of the urethral sticture

Vasectomy Excision of all or a segment of the vas deferens

Abbreviations BUN C&S ED GU HTN K Na pH