APUSH ch. 13 part I

 Nature of immigration in mid-1800s? ◦ : 800,000 Euro immigrants ◦ : 4.2 million Euro immigrants  Primary immigrants groups? ◦ Irish ◦ Germans  Smaller (but still significant) immigrant groups? ◦ English, Scottish, Welsh ◦ Scandinavian (Norwegian, Swedish) ◦ Swiss ◦ Dutch

 Reasons for Immigration? ◦ Economic opportunity!!!  Land/farming ◦ Religion  Quakers  British Mormons  Irish Protestants ◦ War  The European “Revolutions of 1848”

 Where did Irish settle? ◦ New England (Boston), NY, NJ, Penn.  Why? ◦ Sailed on British ships headed for trade ports on Atlantic coast ◦ Didn’t have $$$ to venture out, settled in cities  Where did Germans settle? ◦ Along upper Mississippi and Ohio rivers ◦ Illinois, Ohio, Wisconsin, Missouri  Why? ◦ Sailed on cotton ships headed to New Orleans, then went up Miss. River

 Major immigrant cities: ◦ St. Louis (over 60% Irish or German) ◦ NY, Chicago, Cincinnati, Milwaukee, Detroit (about 50% Irish or German) ◦ New Orleans, Boston, Baltimore (about 1/3 Irish or German)

 Diversity? ◦ Religion  Catholics, Protestants, Jews, atheists ◦ Occupation  Mostly farmers  Also doctors, lawyers, artisans, etc.  Solidarity? ◦ Common language ◦ No need to go outside communities

 First wave: ◦ Mostly Protestants from middle class ◦ Small farmers and tradespeople  Second wave: ◦ Poor Catholics ◦ Tenant farmers ◦ Great Potato Famine

 What jobs did they take? ◦ Men:  Construction, canal and railroad diggers ◦ Women  Maids, textile mills  Problems faced? ◦ Anti-Catholicism (secret plots) ◦ Nativism  Know-Nothings – political party by 1850s

 Far West ◦ Trade along California coast ◦ Fur trade in Oregon ◦ Silver trade in New Mexico (Santa Fe Trail) ◦ Settlement in Texas  Why did Americans want to settle in Texas (Northern Mexico)? ◦ Land – farming!

 Why did the Mexican gov’t want Americans to settle in Texas? ◦ Buffer zone against Indian attacks ◦ Breakdown of mission system  How did Mexico lure Americans? ◦ Huge land grants to settlers (empresarios)

 What problems developed b/w Mexican gov’t and Americans in Texas? ◦ Americans used slaves (outlawed in Mexico) ◦ Religious, linguistic differences  How did Rebellion begin? ◦ Mex. Pres. Santa Anna begins cracking down on local gov’ts ◦ Invades Texas to bring it under tighter control ◦ American settlers decide on independence

 Leaders of Texas Rev. ◦ Political – Stephen Austin ◦ Military – Sam Houston  Major points ◦ The Alamo – old abandoned mission  187 Texan defenders and volunteers from US  Santa Anna kills, captures, executes them all  Incl. Davy Crockett, Jim Bowie ◦ Goliad – 300+ prisoners executed ◦ San Jacinto – final battle  Houston’s forces surprise & crush Santa Anna’s forces  Treaty giving Texas independence  Texas ind. nation from