Warm Up Using your reading assignment from last night: 1.What is today’s date an anniversary of? 2.What did the war veterans from the news article think about war? 3. The invasion of what country led to military action in Europe?

Holocaust

The State sponsored, systematic persecution and annihilation of European Jews by Nazi Germany and its collaborators between 1933 and Jews were the primary victims – 6 million were murdered. From the Greek word meaning “a sacrifice by burning.” What was the Holocaust?

It is true that not all victims were Jews, but all Jews were victims. - Elie Wiesel, 1995 JewsPolitical Opponents Habitual CriminalsHandicapped HomosexualsJehovah’s Witnesses Roma & Sinti (Gypsies)Poles FreemasonsImmigrants Soviet P.O.W.’sAmerican P.O.W.’s African-Germans The Victims

A Comparison - Jews in the World in the Early 19 th Century & Early 20 th Century

Lova Warszawczyk rides his tricycle in the garden of his home in Warsaw shortly before the start of World War II. He survived. Jewish Life Before the War A group of Jewish children pose in their bathing suits while vacationing in the resort town of Swider, near Warsaw. The two girls on the right are Gina and Ziuta Szczecinski. Both perished during the war. Malka Orkin (left) and her friend Tusia Goldberg. Tusia, whose father later became a member of the Bialystok ghetto Jewish council, survived the war. Malka did not survive. Remember always that you not only have the right to be an individual, you have an obligation to be one. - Eleanor Roosevelt

Sisters Hanneke and Jenneke Leydesdorff as small children one year before the German occupation. The sisters survived, both parents died. Yosef Ginzberg watches his granddaughter Tamar play with a ball. Yosef was murdered in Ponar outside of Vilna. Tamar survived the war in Siberia. Jankel Stiel and his child. Both were killed in Belzec. Two young children play outside next to a baby carriage in Bogdan, Transcarpathia. In 1944, the children and their mother were deported from Bogdan to Auschwitz, where they all perished.

Each step was so small, so inconsequential, so well explained or, on occasion, “regretted,” that, unless one were detached from the whole process from the beginning, unless one understood what the whole thing was in principle, what all these “little measures” that no “patriotic German” could resent must some day lead to, one no more saw it developing from day to day than a farmer in his field sees the corn growing. One day it is over his head. Heinrich Hildebrandt, non-Jewish German high school teacher during the Nazi years, interviewed in They Thought They Were Free by Milton Mayer How could Germans have let this happen?

How did the Nazis make this happen? The Nazis ultimate goal was the Final Solution- the mass killing of Jews. They did not start with this action, however. These are the steps they took leading up to the Final Solution: 1) Identification 2) Exclusion 3) Ghettoization 4) Deportation 5) Extermination

France Holland Germany, Alsace, Bohemia-Moravia Part of Slovakia Belgium Parts of Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary, Greece, Lithuania, Latvia Parts of Greece, Serbia, Belgrade, Sofia (armband) Parts of Bulgaria (a button) Romania 1. Identification: Jews were required to wear these everywhere they went

Boycott of Jewish Shops SA soldiers stood at the entrances to Jewish shops and professional offices discouraging non-Jewish patrons from entering. Signs were posted warning: “Germans! Beware! Don’t Buy from Jews!”

Bench with inscription “Only for Jews.” Sign on a phone booth in Munich prohibiting Jews from using the public telephone. Sign forbidding Jews in public pool. 2. Exclusion: Nazis wanted to remove Jews from economic, social, and cultural life Jews were only permitted to purchase products between 3-5 p.m. This was one step in the overall Nazi scheme of eliminating Jews from economic, social and cultural life.

Jews are forced to walk in the street. The original photo caption read, "Jews in gutter." Belgium, 1943

3. Ghettoization Definition of Ghetto: any section of a city or town in which members of a minority group live or are restricted by economics or discrimination. The first ghetto was established in Venice in 1516 when the Church ordered that walls be built around the Jewish Quarter. The word “ghetto” means “foundry” or “iron works.” In Venice, the ghetto was near a foundry that produced cannon balls. Ghettos served as assembly and collection points for Jews to be sent to concentration camps.

Conditions in the Ghettos Food ration card. With little food and diseases rampant in the crowded ghettos, the living conditions became unbearable.

4. Deportation: Jews were moved across Europe to concentration camps Jews are forced into a truck which is taking them to their execution. Jews from the Lodz ghetto board trains for the death camp at Chelmno. Passengers in a train car. Lodz, Poland Deportation of the elderly and sick from the Lodz Ghetto to Chelmno.

A 1942 transport to Treblinka. A child’s drawing showing a German soldier shooting at a train of deportees. Corpses lie in an open railcar at Dachau.

“Im Wagon” (In the Railway Car) by Ella Liebermann-Shiber

100,000 Victims 5. Extermination: The Final Solution CampDeathsSurvivors Auschwitz-Birkenau million7,000 Belzec600,0002 Chelmno152,0002 Majdanek ,000<600 Sobibor250,00050 Treblinka870, ,000<100

Types of Concentration Camps ● Labor Camps ● Prisoner of War Camps ● Transit Camps Extermination Camps ● Extermination Camps

Registration They will even take away our name: and if we want to keep it, we will have to find in ourselves the strength to do so, to manage somehow so that behind the name something of us, of us as we were, still remains. – Primo Levi, Survival at Auschwitz

Barracks Six people slept on a plank of wood, on top of us another layer. And if one of us had to turn, all the others had to turn because it was so narrow. One cover, no pillow, no mattress. - Alice Lok, Survivor

The Value of a Life These shoes represent one day's collection at the peak of the gassings, about twenty-five thousand pairs. Rings

First they came for the Communists, but I was not a Communist so I did not speak out. Then they came for the Socialists and the Trade Unionists, but I was neither, so I did not speak out. Then they came for the Jews, but I was not a Jew so I did not speak out. And when they came for me, there was no one left to speak out for me. - Pastor Martin Niemoeller