Put the following events in correct order by numbering them from 1 to 5. 1.__________J. P. Morgan buys out Andrew Carnegie to form the first billion-dollar U.S. corporation. 2.__________The first federal law regulating railroads is passed. 3.__________The killing of policemen during a labor demonstration results in the execution of radical anarchists and the decline of the Knights of Labor. 4.__________A teacher of the deaf invents a machine that greatly eases communication across distance. 5.__________A golden spike is driven, fulfilling the dream of linking the nation by rail.

Interpreting Historical Paintings and Photographs Historical paintings, lithographs, and photographs not only convey substantive information; they can also tell us how an artist or photographer viewed and understood the society and events of his or her day. Examine the photographs and painting indicated below and answer the following questions about them.

Examine the working people in the images found in chapter 24 of the textbook. What is the relationship of the workers in each image to their workplace? What is their relation to one another? What does each of the photos reveal about the nature of industrial labor? Pages 581, 584, 585, 587,

A Virginia Tobacco Factory, ca. 1880 The employment of women and children was a common practice in late-nineteenth century American industry, north as well as south. p527

Women Canning Shrimp, 1893 Long hours, low pay, and wretched working conditions were the common fate of women who labored not for “pin money,” but to help support their families. The “family wage” for the workingman was more a hope than a reality. p529

Breaker Boys at South Pittson, Pennsylvania, 1911 Photographer Lewis Hine captured the grimness of these mine helpers’ lives. For hours they sat on benches above a moving belt, breathing coal dust deep into their lungs and kicking large pieces of coal with their feet, breaking the lumps to uniform size for shipment. Photographs like this one became icons of the reform crusade against child labor, a campaign that succeeded only with the passage of the Fair Labor Standards Act in 1938. p530

p531

Robber Barons Cyrus Field, Jay Gould, Cornelius Vanderbilt, and Russell Sage Kept Afloat on the Broken Backs of America’s Workingmen, 1883 p524

2. Examine the painting of “The Strike” by Robert Koehler on p. 588 2. Examine the painting of “The Strike” by Robert Koehler on p. 588. Where is the scene taking place? What is the relationship between the place of work and the scene in the painting? What has likely happened to bring the workers to this scene?

The Strike, by Robert Koehler, 1886 Scenes like this were becoming more typical of American life in the late nineteenth century as industrialism advanced spectacularly and sometimes ruthlessly. Here Koehler (1850–1917) shows an entire community of men, women, and children—many of them apparently immigrant newcomers— challenging the power of the “boss.” The scene is tense but orderly, though violence seems to be imminent as one striker reaches for a rock. p532

3. Analyze the clothing of all the figures in the Koehler painting 3. Analyze the clothing of all the figures in the Koehler painting. What does it tell you about the economic and social condition of the various people?

The Strike, by Robert Koehler, 1886 Scenes like this were becoming more typical of American life in the late nineteenth century as industrialism advanced spectacularly and sometimes ruthlessly. Here Koehler (1850–1917) shows an entire community of men, women, and children—many of them apparently immigrant newcomers— challenging the power of the “boss.” The scene is tense but orderly, though violence seems to be imminent as one striker reaches for a rock. p532

4. Two main conversations seem to be taking place in the foreground of the painting. What might each be about? What is the artist suggesting by presenting both conversations?

The Strike, by Robert Koehler, 1886 Scenes like this were becoming more typical of American life in the late nineteenth century as industrialism advanced spectacularly and sometimes ruthlessly. Here Koehler (1850–1917) shows an entire community of men, women, and children—many of them apparently immigrant newcomers— challenging the power of the “boss.” The scene is tense but orderly, though violence seems to be imminent as one striker reaches for a rock. p532

Growth of American Business Industrialism in the late 1800’s

Causes of Rapid Industrialization Steam Revolution of the 1830s-1850s. The Railroad fueled the growing US economy: First big business in the US. A magnet for financial investment. The key to opening the West. Aided the development of other industries. Technological innovations. Bessemer and open hearth process Refrigerated cars Edison “Wizard of Menlo Park” light bulb, phonograph, motion pictures.

Thomas Alva Edison The Wizard of Menlo Park The Light bulb The Motion Picture Camera The Phonograph The Wizard of Menlo Park

Alexander Graham Bell The Telephone 1876 George Westinghouse Alternating current The Airbrake for railroads

American inventions soared! Over 200,000 patents issued in 50 years for new products and goods that fueled American industry and consumerism

…more causes of Industrialization Unskilled & semi-skilled labor in abundance. Abundant capital. New, talented group of businessmen [entrepreneurs] and advisors. Market growing as US population increased. Government willing to help at all levels to stimulate economic growth. Abundant natural resources.

Business Beliefs Laissez Faire  the ideology of the Industrial Age. Individual as a moral and economic ideal. Individuals should compete freely in the marketplace. The market was not man-made or invented. No room for government in the market!

2. Social Darwinism . Advocate of laissez-faire. Herbert Spencer . Advocate of laissez-faire. Adapted Darwin’s ideas from the “Origin of Species” to humans Notion of “Survival of the Fittest.”

As applied to business… Individuals must have absolute freedom to struggle, succeed or fail. Therefore, state intervention to reward society and the economy is futile! William Graham Sumner Folkways (1906)

Protestant (Puritan) “Work Ethic” Is the self-made man a reality? Can it be done without original money (like original sin) Horatio Alger Jr. - author of the American Dream

New business practices developed… Pool - joining businesses together to control a product or service 1887 - Interstate Commerce Act - Interstate Commerce Commission created to regulate railroads Trust - John D. Rockefeller Creating a new company to control a monopoly holding -illegal to own individual companies by one individual -the trust owns the company (ies) and then one entity owns the stock Standard Oil Co!

3. Business Operations Horizontal Integration – John D. Rockefeller Swift Carnegie Vertical Integration: Gustave Swift – Meat Packing Andrew Carnegie – U.S. Steel

The Gospel of Wealth: Religion in the Era of Industrialization Wealth no longer looked upon as bad. Viewed as a sign of God’s approval. Christian duty to accumulate wealth. Should not help the poor.

Andrew Carnegie Charity keeps the poor, poor Inequality is inevitable and good. Wealthy should act as “trustees” for their “poorer brethren.” Called for the wealthy to create museums, libraries, galleries, invent new architecture and provide education to the poor to help their plight.

The Changing American Labor Force

Issues in the workplace: Workers are another cog in the machine Unskilled labor is readily available The Industry Giants! “I can hire one half of the working class to kill the other half” Use Federal laws and courts to keep workers trapped Creation of the Company town

The Molly Maguire's rise up! 1875 Created to fight back against unethical mining owners -hired foreign workers -cut pay 20% -unsafe working conditions Used violence, kidnapping and arson to strike The owners called in …..

The Pinkerton Agents : The “Bully-Boys” James McParland Infiltrates the Maguires as James McKenna Breaks up the organization for the mine owners

Management vs. Labor “Tools” of Management “Tools” of Labor “scabs” P. R. campaign Pinkertons lockout blacklisting yellow-dog contracts court injunctions open shop boycotts sympathy demonstrations informational picketing closed shops organized strikes “wildcat” strikes

Knights of Labor trade card Terence V. Powderly Knights of Labor trade card

KOL Goals! • Eight-hour workday. • Workers’ cooperatives. • Worker-owned factories. • Abolition of child and prison labor. • Increased circulation of greenbacks. • Equal pay for men and women. • Safety codes in the workplace. • Prohibition of contract foreign labor. • Abolition of the National Bank.

Haymarket Riot (1886) Led to the collapse of the KOL

The American Federation of Labor: 1886 Samuel Gompers “bread and butter” unionism -better wages -better hours -better working conditions

AF of L Goals! • Catered to the skilled worker. • Represented workers in matters of national legislation. • Maintained a national strike fund. • Evangelized the cause of unionism. • Prevented disputes among the many craft unions. • Mediated disputes between management and labor. • Pushed for closed shops.