BOOKS OF KNOWLEDGE A POLICY TOOL FOR COMMUNITIES TO IMPROVE EDUCATION SURGES, PREPAREDNESS, PROTECTION, EM. RESPONSE, AND RECOVERY FOR NATURAL DISASTERS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA

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COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY DATA BASES AND INFORMATION HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS HAZARD MAPS INVENTORY VULNERABILITY LOCATION RISK ASSESSMENT RISK ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK BOOKS OF KNOWLEDGE EDUCATION PREPAREDNESS PROTECTION EM RESPONSE RECOVERY POLICY TOOLS FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

POLICY FOR DIS. RESILIENCE RISK ASSESSMENT VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY EXPOSUREEXPOSURE EVENTEVENT POLICY ASSESSMENT COSTCOST BENEFITBENEFIT CONSEQUENCESCONSEQUENCES BUILDING A CULTURE FOR NATURAL DISASTER RESILIENCE NATURAL HAZARDS EXPECTED LOSS

CLIMATE CHANGE DROUGHTS EARTHQUAKES FLOODS SEVERE WINDSTORMS WILDFIRES LANDSLIDES VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS TSUNAMIS

NORTH AMERICA SOUTH AMERICA EUROPE OCEANIA CARIBBEAN

ASIA  RUSSIA  INDIA  CHINA  SOUTHEAST ASIA

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A report of the U.S. Climate Change Science Program June 20, 2008

A joint effort of more than a dozen government agencies for the report, go online to

"Heat waves and heavy downpours are very likely to increase in frequency and intensity.”

"Substantial areas of North America are likely to have more frequent droughts of greater severity.”

“Hurricane wind speeds, rainfall intensity, and storm surge levels are likely to increase.”

The strongest winter storms are likely to become more frequent, with stronger winds and more extreme wave heights."

Soil amplification of earthquake ground shaking is likely to be more pervasive.

Landslides triggered in earthquakes are likely to be more extensive.

The impacts of tsunami wave run up will be more extensive.

“By the end of this century rainfall amounts expected to occur every 20 years now could be taking place every five years.” y the end of this century rainfall amounts expected to occur every 20 years could be taking place every five years. Such an increase "can lead to the type of events that we are seeing in the Midwest," said Karl, though he did not directly link the current flooding to climate change.

“An increase in frequency can lead to more frequent occurrences of flooding events such as those that occurred worldwide during 2007.“ y the end of this century rainfall amounts expected to occur every 20 years could be taking place every five years. Such an increase "can lead to the type of events that we are seeing in the Midwest," said Karl, though he did not directly link the current flooding to climate change.

Drought is the result of the interaction of rainfall, which can be highly variable, and human systems, which can be very vulnerable to changes in rainfall.

Drought is related to climatic variability that usually is occurring far from the community or the area being impacted by drought.

PROLONGED LACK OF PRECIPITATION DROUGHTS LOSS OF SOIL MOSTURE LOSS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY DEPLETION/POLLUTION OF GROUND WATER LOSS OF VEGETATION INSECT INFESTATION PROGRESSIVE LOSS OF LAND BY DESERTIFICATION CAUSES OF RISK CASE HISTORIES

CLIMATE CHANGE CAUSED BY EL NINO OR LA NINA LOCATIONS IN SHADOW OF MOUNTAIN RANGE

Earthquakes occur as the result of interactions between and within tectonic plates in the lithosphere, which are slowly converging, diverging, or sliding past each other as a result of stresses created by ongoing heat flow within the Earth.

INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING EARTHQUAKES SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND FAILURE) IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS INATTENTION TO NON- STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS CAUSES OF RISK CASE HISTORIES

ENHANCED GROUND SHAKING CAUSED BY A SHALLOW FOCAL DEPTH ENHANCED GROUND SHAKING CAUSED BY BEING IN OR CLOSE TO THE FAULT RUPTURE ZONE

AMPLIFICATION OF GROUND SHAKING CAUSED BY SOFT SOILS LONG DURATION ACCELERATION CAUSED BY FLING OF FAULT

BUILDINGS UNABLE TO WITHSTAND LATERAL GROUND SHAKING LIFELINE SYSTEMS UNABLE TO WITHSTAND PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT ASSOCIATED WITH FAULT RUPTURE, LANDSLIDES, AND LIQUEFACTION

BUILDING IN FLOOD PLAIN FLOODS INUNDATION INTERACTION WITH HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EFFECTS OF WATER ON STRUCTURE & CONTENTS INCREASED POTENTIAL FOR HEALTH PROBLEMS, DEATH AND INJURY LOSS FUNCTION OF INFRASTRUCTURE VULNERABILITY OF NON- STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS CAUSES OF RISK CASE HISTORIES

Flooding occurs when the local river channels, floodplains, wetlands, and water tables are not able to contain, store, or transmit local precipitation and runoff.

FLOODS IN NORTH KOREA: AUGUST 7-14, 2007

FLOODING IN CHINA: JULY 2007

FLOODING IN CHINA: JUNE – JULY 2007

FLOODING IN CHINA: JULY 2007 (50,000 kg of dead fish)

FLOODING IN HENLEY ON THAMES, ENGLAND: JULY 2007

FLOODING: TEWKESBURY, ENGLAND: JULY 2007

FLOODING IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE, ENGLAND: JULY 2007

FLOODING AND OIL SPILL IN COFFEYVILLE, KANSAS: JULY 2007

FLOODING IN THE SUDAN: JULY 2007

FLOODING IN IRAN: JUNE 2007

FLOODING IN MARBLE FALLS, TEXAS: JUNE 2007

FLOODING IN LAGOS, NIGERIA: JUNE 2007

FLOODING IN PAKISTAN: JUNE 2007

FLOODING IN KANSAS, USA: MAY 2007

FLOODING IN SALINAS, KANSAS: MAY 2007

FLOODING IN BOLIVIA: FEBRUARY 2007

COMMUNITY’S BUILDINGS AND INFRASTRUCTURE LOCATED IN THE FLOODPLAIN PROLONGED RAINFALL A LARGE DRAINAGE BASIN HIGH VELOCITY FLOW

BOOK OF KNOWLEDE SEVERE WINDSTORMS

WIND AND WATER INSIDE BUILDING ENVELOPE SEVERE WINDSTORMS SEVERE WINDSTORMS UPLIFT OF ROOF SYSTEM FLYING DEBRIS UNDERESTIMATING WIND SPEEDS AND STORM SURGE FLOODING FROM STORM SURGE AND RAIN QUALITY OF WORKMANSHIP IGNORING NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS CAUSES OF RISK CASE HISTORIES

AN EXTRAORDINARY STORM SURGE BUILDINGS AND INFRASTRUCTURE THAT ARE VULNERABLE TO HIGH WINDS AND FLOODING A SLOW MOVING STORM SYSTEM LARGE VOLUME MUDFLOWS INADEQUATE EVACUATION

BUILDING ON UNSTABLE SLOPES LANDSLIDES SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO FALLS SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO TOPPLES SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO SPREADS SOIL AND ROCK SUSCEPTIBLE TO FLOWS EXCESSIVE PRECIPITATION OR GROUND SHAKING BARE, OVERSTEEPENED SLOPES CAUSES OF RISK CASE HISTORIES

LANDSLIDES ALTER LAND SURFACES  Once tropical forests (a carbon sink) are cleared for cattle ranching or community development, the cleared land can becomes a major source of methane, a greenhouse gas.

SLOPES COVERED WITH LOOSELY CONSOLIDATED SOIL AND ROCK REDUCTION IN SLOPE STABILITY CAUSED BY EXCESSIVE PRECIPITATION OR EARTHQUAKE GROUND SHAKING

BOOK OF KNOWLEDGE WILDFIRES

LIGHTNING WILDFIRES MANMADE FIRES PROXIMITY OF URBAN- WILDLANDS INTERFACE WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION CUTTING FORESTS DENUDED SLOPES HOT, DRY WEATHER CAUSES OF RISK CASE HISTORIES

BOOK OF KNOWLEDGE VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

PROXIMITY TO LATERAL BLAST VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS IN PATH OF PYROCLASTIC FLOWS IN PATH OF FLYING DEBRIS (TEPHRA) IN PATH OF VOLCANIC PLUME AND ASH (AVIATION) IN PATH OF LAVA FLOWS IN PATH OF LAHARS INADEQUATE WARNING ANO EVACUATION CAUSES OF RISK CASE HISTORIES

BOOK OF KNOWLEDGE TSUNAMIS

HIGH VELOCITY OF INCOMING WAVES TSUNAMIS DISTANCE OF WAVE RUNUP AND RUNOFF VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE RUNUP INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS FLOODING INADEQUATE WARNING SYSTEMS PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF TSUNAMI CAUSES OF RISK CASE HISTORIES

COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY DATA BASES AND INFORMATION HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS HAZARD MAPS INVENTORY VULNERABILITY LOCATION RISK ASSESSMENT RISK ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK BOOKS OF KNOWLEDGE PREVENTION & MITIGATION PREPAREDNESS EMERGENCY RESPONSE RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION POLICIES FOR RISK MANAGEMENT

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