Operační program Vzdělávání pro konkurenceschopnost Název projektu: Inovace magisterského studijního programu Fakulty ekonomiky a managementu Registrační číslo projektu: CZ.1.07/2.2.00/ Security and Defence Policy of the State National (security) interests and the role of armed forces

Goals of lecture To introduce concepts of referent object and its importance for security policy To outline the role of armed forces in security of anarchic systém of the international relations To inform about historical development of state and its stance as sovereign unit in the system of international relations To define national interests and state interests, their division, articulation, and content.

Referent objects Securitization studies aims to understand "who securitizes (Securitizing actor), on what issues (threats), for whom (referent object), why, with what results, and not least, under what conditions. Securitizing actor/agent: an entity that makes the securitizing move/statement; Referent object: the object that is being threatened and needs to be protected; Audience: the target of the securitization act that needs to be persuaded and accept the issue as a security threat.

Referent objects Traditional approaches to international security usually focus on state actors and their military capacities to protect national security. Human security, a concept that makes the principle referent object of security the individual, not the state. National security, defined as being linked to the state’s monopoly over use of force in a given territory and as a substrate of security that emphasizes the military and policing components of security Traditional vs Human Security Type of securityReferentResponsibilityThreats TraditionalThe stateIntegrity of the state Interstate war, nuclear proliferation, revolution, civil conflict HumanThe individual Integrity of the individual Disease, poverty, natural disaster, violence, landmines, human rights abuses

Referent objects Traditional role of state as referent object since Peace of Westphalia Only western states are recognized -> allowed to collonize the rest of the world States are monopolic for using of force Non-interference to other state´s issues Internal and external sovereignity

National interests – The national interest, often referred to by the French expression raison d'État (English: reason of State), is a country's goals and ambitions whether economic, military, or cultural. The concept is an important one in international relations where pursuit of the national interest is the foundation of the realist school. – The practice is first seen as being employed by France under the direction of its Chief Minister Cardinal Richelieu in the Thirty Years' War when it intervened on the Protestant side, despite its own Catholicism, to block the increasing power of the Holy Roman Emperor. – These notions became much criticized after the bloody debacle of the First World War, and some sought to replace the concept of the balance of power with the idea of collective security. – The events of World War II led to a rebirth of Realist and then Neo- realist thought, as international relations theorists re-emphasized the role of power in global governance

National Security Interest Interest In general, the constant focus of human being interest arising on the background of economic, political and psychological situation which encourages him based on their own needs and value orientation set for him important goals and fight to achieve them. In the area of policy analysis, the interest in the narrow sense is often seen as a goal, which surveyed object (individual, political institutions, the state, etc.) tries to achieve The National Interest National interest is in a certain time interval unwavering focus the state - created in the background of his domestic and foreign policy situation that encourages its elites, on the basis of character of the regime, needs and value orientation of the population which introduced some important goals for the state and strive to achieve them

Vital national interests – They contain the basic program, which is essential for the existence of the state. Without the defense of these interests would become meaningless and perished by. The most common is the vital interests of preserving the sovereignty, territorial integrity, political system, the protection of a nation or ethnic group. They are permanent, in time only minimally variable. In their defense, the state is willing to use all means, including military force Strategic national interests – Represents a supportive and less important interests and existence the state is not depending on them. The defense of strategic interests helps to defend the interests of the living. Strategic national interests are changing over time, a relatively short-term. Example could be an efforts for membership in international organizations National Security Interest

Power of state Energy and costs spend in defending national ambitions are proportional to the state ambitions (from simple survival in the anarchic system of international relations to dominance) Power position of the state ("state power", "power potential") is critical to the ability to pursue its interests ("ease / difficulty") When position (power) of state is stronger, is easier to promote its interests at the expense of other actors in the system of international relations 9

Power of state Hans Morgenthau ("Politics Among Nations, 1948") evaluates the power of the state according to the following criteria: I. MATERIAL FACTORS OF POWER: a) geographic location as the most stable factor of the state power b) natural resources as measured by the ability to self-supply and self-sufficiency c) industrial capacity d) military readiness, which is the current expression of the preceding factors (degree of military readiness is determined by technological innovation arms race, the quality of leadership and the quality and quantity of the armed forces) e) quantity of population

II. SPIRITUAL POWER FACTORS: the qualitative aspect of population the quality of the government, especially the level of foreign policy (the government's ability to use real material potential of the country's foreign policy, as it can be placed in line potentials and foreign policy objectives and how they can provide support to domestic and foreign public its foreign policy) the level diplomacy (quality of cadres and the ability to define and promote the national interests of the practical foreign policy) the level of military cadres national morale, which is the expression of commitment level to the public to promote national interests Power of state

Hans Morgenthau („Politics Among Nations, 1948“) – the concept of political realism, presenting a realist view of power politics. This concept played a major role in the foreign policy of the United States, which made it exercise globe-spanning power in the Cold War period. The concept also called for a reconciliation of power politics with the idealistic ethics of earlier American discussions about foreign policy. "The statesman must think in terms of the national interest, conceived as power among other powers. The popular mind, unaware of the fine distinctions of the statesman's thinking, reasons more often than not in the simple moralistic and legalistic terms of absolute good and absolute evil.„

Military Readiness Describes the military power of the state, the quality and quantity of its armed forces. The aim is to build a state of such military potential, which would be sufficient capacity to defend and pursue its national interests, but also one that would not damage other spheres of the state life (especially the economic sphere - see the USSR, North Korea, etc.) – China 1.6 million – India 1.3 million – North Korea 1 million – Pakistan – South Korea – Turkey – USA , Vietnam , Russia , Iran

Operační program Vzdělávání pro konkurenceschopnost Název projektu: Inovace magisterského studijního programu Fakulty ekonomiky a managementu Registrační číslo projektu: CZ.1.07/2.2.00/ Security and Defence Policy of the State National (security) interests and the role of armed forces