New Encounters: The Creation of a World Market 13

An Age of Exploration and Expansion  Islam and the Spice Trade  Muslim activity  Malacca  A New Player: Europe  Nicolò, Maffeo, and Marco Polo, 1271  Economic motive  Religious zeal  Expansion a state enterprise; monarchs had the authority and resources  Knowledge and technology by the end of the 15th century  Seaworthy ships  Knowledge of the wind systems

Portuguese Maritime Empire  Prince Henry the Navigator ( )  School for navigators, 1419  Exploring down the west coast of Africa  Slaves  Bartolomeu Dias, 1487  Vasco da Gama, 1498  Calicut  Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque  Goa, 1510  Malacca, 1511  Success of the Portuguese  Guns and seamanship

Spanish Conquests in the “New World”  Christopher Columbus ( )  Voyages in 1492, 1493, 1498, and 1502  John Cabot, 1497  New England  Pedro Cabral, 1500  Brazil  Amerigo Vespucci  Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494  Conquest of Mexico, ( ), and Peru, ( )

Governing the Empire  Encomienda  Forced labor  Diease  Council of the Indies  Viceroy  New Spain and Peru  Papal agreement

©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. European Voyages and Possessions in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries

The Impact of European Expansion  Native Americans ravaged by disease  Psychological impact  Conquerors sought gold and silver  New products sent to Europe  Deepened rivalries  Why did Europeans risk their lives?

New Rivals  Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean  Spain in Asia but only consolidated their hold on the Philippines  First English expedition to the Indies in 1591  Surat in northwestern India in 1608  Dutch arrive in India in 1595  Dutch East India Company formed in 1602

France, Britain, and Holland in the Americas  Portuguese in Brazil in 1549  Dutch West India Company, 1621  English seize New Netherlands from the Dutch in America in 1664  Canada became property of the French in 1663 but did not adequately man or defend it  English begin colonizing the Atlantic seaboard of North America

©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. European Possessions in the West Indies

Africa in Transition  Portuguese in East Africa  Gold trade  Mwene Matapa  Southern Africa  Settled by the Dutch, Boers, in 1652  West Africa  Mali  Songhai King Askia Mohammed, Broke up after his death  Increased European contact with West Africa

The Slave Trade  Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans  Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans  Sugar cane and sugar plantations  Colonization of the Americas  First boatload of African slaves directly from Africa brought by the Spanish in 1518  275,000 enslaved African exported to other countries  Between 16th and 19th centuries about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas  Numbers of slaves exported  Death rates  Most slaves prisoners or war captives  European slavers at first gained slaves from local merchants for guns, textiles, copper, or iron utensils  Impact on social and political conditions  Depopulation in some areas but less true in West Africa  European justification

©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Fort Jesus, Mombasa, Kenya Built by the Portuguese in the sixteenth century

©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. The Slave Trade

Political and Social Structures in a Changing Continent  Importation of manufactured goods from Europe undermined foundations of local cottage industry  Limited European penetration of Africa  Altering of trading empires  European impact on inland areas  European impact on West Africa  Unity and benefits for West African kingdoms  Involvement in the slave trade and temptations of profit contributed to conflict among states  Splintering of the Congo region  East Africa  Movements by Arab forces to expel the Portuguese

Southeast Asia in the Era of the Spice Trade: The Arrival of the West  Dutch East India Company  Batavia, 1619  Java and Sumatra have pepper plantations  Cohesive monarchies in Burma, Thailand, and Vietnam resisted foreign encroachment  Spices did not flourish on the mainland  Europeans became involved in factional struggles  By end of the 18th century Europeans began to abandon their trading stations

©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. The Pattern of World Trade

State and Society in Pre-colonial Southeast Asia  Religion and Kingship  Islam and Christianity make inroads  Buddhism in the lowland areas  Four types of political systems: Buddhist kings, Javanese kings, Islamic sultans, Vietnamese Emperors  Economy and Society  Mostly agriculture during the early European period  Cash crops begin to replace subsistence farming  Southeast Asia an importer of manufactured goods  Exports of tin, copper, gold, fruits, ceramics  Higher standard of living than most of Asia  Social institutions

Discussion Questions  Trace the background of Columbus’s voyages to the New World.  How did the discovery of the western hemisphere impact Europe?  How did the discovery of the western hemisphere impact the Native Americans?  How did the discovery of the western hemisphere change the pattern of slavery in Africa?