Market Failures 1

Review 1.Define Market Failure. 2.Identify the three market failures we have learned so far in this unit. 3.Explain why are public goods a market failure. 4.Explain why are externalities a market failure. 5.Explain why are monopolies a market failure. 6.Use a graph to explain the remedy for positive externalities. 7.Use a graph to explain the remedy for negative externalities. 2

Market Failure #4 Unfair Distribution of Wealth 3 Net Worth over $3.1 billion

1.What percent of American’s are living in poverty? 4

Income Inequality In 2013, the average American family made $51,939. Everyone is obviously rich. What’s wrong with using the average? Averages reveal absolutely nothing about how income is distributed. How does the government measure distribution of income? (Based on 2013 Information) 5

THE LORENZ CURVE 6

Measuring Income Distribution Reviewing the process: The government divides all income earning families into five equal groups (quintiles) from poorest to richest. Each groups represents 20% of the population. If there was perfect equality then 20% of the families should earn 20% of the income, 40% should earn 40% (and so on). The government compares how far the actual distribution is from perfect distribution then attempts to redistribute money fairly. 7

Percent of Families Percent of Income Perfect Equality The Lorenz Curve 8

Percent of Families Percent of Income Perfect Equality Lorenz Curve (actual distribution) 9 The Lorenz Curve

Percent of Families Percent of Income Perfect Equality Lorenz Curve (actual distribution) 10 The Lorenz Curve The size of the banana shows the degree of income inequality

Percent of Families Percent of Income Perfect Equality After Distribution 11 The Lorenz Curve The banana gets smaller when the government re- distributes income

The Lorenz Curve is related to the Gini Coefficient The Gini coefficient is usually defined mathematically based on the Lorenz curve, which plots the proportion of the total income of the population (y axis) that is cumulatively earned by the bottom x% of the population (see diagram). The line at 45 degrees thus represents perfect equality of incomes. The Gini coefficient can then be thought of as the ratio of the area that lies between the line of equality and the Lorenz curve (marked A in the diagram) over the total area under the line of equality (marked A and B in the diagram); i.e., G = A / (A + B) 12

13 Inequality is calculated based on the Gini Index, which measures inequality on a scale of 0 to 1. A score of 1 indicates that one person has all the wealth and a score of 0 indicates that wealth is distributed evenly.

Welfare provides a safety net for citizens (retirement, unemployment, workers comp, health, etc.) BUT, what are some possible downsides? Where does the government get the money for welfare? 14

Taxes 15

What are Taxes? Why does the government tax? Two purposes: 1.Finance government operations. Public goods-highways, defense, employee wages Fund Programs- welfare, social security 2. Influence economic behavior of firms and individuals. Ex: Excise taxes on tobacco raises tax revenue and discourages the use of cigarettes. Taxes – mandatory payments made to the government to cover costs of governing. 16

Three Types of Taxes 1. Progressive Taxes -takes a larger percent of income from high income groups (takes more from rich people). Ex: Current Federal Income Tax system 3. Regressive Taxes –takes a larger percentage from low income groups (takes more from poor people). Ex: Sales tax; any consumption tax. 2. Proportional Taxes (flat rate) –takes the same percent of income from all income groups. Ex: 20% flat income tax on all income groups 17

What kind of taxes are these? (THINK % of Income) 1.Toll road tax ($1 per day) 2.State income tax where richer citizens pay higher % 3.$.45 tax on cigarettes 4.Medicare tax of 1% of every dollar earned 5.6% Michigan sales tax 18 Three Types of Taxes Regressive Progressive Regressive Proportional Regressive

Federal Income Tax Debate Equal Tax of $350 per week (Regressive Tax) Income Amount of Tax % Amount to live on $200$ % - $150 )[crime?] $350$ % $0 $500$350 70% $150 $1,000$350 35%$650 $5,000$350 7%$4,650 T ax of 20% per week (Proportional Tax) Income Amount of Tax Amount to live on $200$40 $160 $350$70 $280 $500$100 $400 $1,000$200 $800 $5,000$1,000 $4,000 19

Federal Income Tax Debate This is our current system. Is it fair? The Progressive tax system is the most effective way to fight this market failure

21 RateSingle FilersMarried Joint Filers Head of Household Filers 10%$0 - $9,075$0 to $18,150$0 to $12,950 15%$9,075 - $36,900$18,350 - $72,800$12,950 - $49,400 25%$36,900 - $89,350$73,800 -$148,850$49,400 - $127,550 28%$89,350 to $186,350 $148,850 - $226,850 $127,550 -$206,600 33% 35% $186,350 - $405,100 $405,100 - $406,750 $226,850 - $405,100 $405,100- $457,600 $206,600 -$405,100 $405,100 - $432, %$406,750 and up$457,600 and up$432,200 and up There is a proposal to increase the income tax rate above 39.6% for the highest earners. Is it a good idea?

The Laffer Curve Shows relationship between tax rate and tax revenue. What would happen if the highest tax bracket was 75%? 22 The LAST micro graph to learn!!!!

THINK ROBIN HOOD!!!!!! What did Robin Hood do? Steal from the rich and give to the poor. What would happen to the amount of travelers through Sherwood forest if he took 95% instead of 39% of their money? What would happen to the total amount of money he collects? 23

The Laffer Curve 24 % Tax Rate Tax Revenue If the government increase taxes rates tax revenue will increase If the tax rate becomes too high, tax revenue will fall since workers have no incentive to work harder

GREAT NEWS… YOU ARE DONE WITH MICRO!!!! 25

Practice FRQs 26

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