INTRODUCTION TO: GENETICS IN 139 Headings Vocabulary Important Information

GREGOR MENDEL: THE FATHER OF GENETICS MONASTERYAT 21 YEARS OLD HE JOINED THE MONASTERY IN BRUNN, AUSTRIA GARDENHIS JOB WAS TO TEND TO THE GARDEN SCIENCE & MATHIN 1851, HE ENTERED THE UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA TO STUDY SCIENCE & MATH IN MATH HE LEARNED THE SUBJECT OF STATISTICS

HEREDITY:STATISTICS HELPED W/HIS DISCOVERY OF HEREDITY: –THE TRANSMISSION OF CHARACTERISTICS FROM PARENTS TO OFFSPRING. MENDEL LATER RETURNED TO THE MONASTERY AND TAUGHT HIGH SCHOOL AND KEPT HIS GARDEN GOING. HE STUDIED MANY TYPES OF PLANTS BUT HE IS MOST FAMOUS FOR...

PISUM SATIVUMPISUM SATIVUM, AKA: GARDEN PEAS – GARDEN PEAS! OBSERVATION OF 7 CHARACT. OF PEAS: 2 CONTRASTING –EACH OCCURRED IN 2 CONTRASTING TRAITS) STATISTICS DIFFERENCESUSING STATISTICS MENDEL ANALYZED THE DIFFERENCES HE OBSERVED! 1920s. This shows a close up of the garden area. It is here that Mendel grew his peas.

1.PLANT HEIGHT- 1.PLANT HEIGHT--LONG/SHORT 2.FLOWER POSITION ALONG STEM- 2.FLOWER POSITION ALONG STEM--AXIAL OR TERMINAL 3.POD COLOR- 3.POD COLOR--GREEN/YELLOW 4.POD APPEARANCE- 4.POD APPEARANCE--INFLATED/ CONSTRICTED 5.FLOWER COLOR- 5.FLOWER COLOR--PURPLE/WHITE 6.SEED TEXTURE- 6.SEED TEXTURE--SMOOTH/WRINKLED 7.SEED COLOR- 7.SEED COLOR--GREEN/YELLOW PLANT CHARACTERISTICS

HIS OBSERVATIONS: FLOWER COLORFLOWER COLOR : –PURPLE-FLOWERS  PURPLE FLOWER –PURPLE-FLOWER  WHITE-FLOWERING PLANT HEIGHTPLANT HEIGHT: TALL PLANTS –TALL PLANT SEEDS--> TALL PLANTS SHORT PLANTS –TALL PLANT SEEDS--> SHORT PLANTS

WHY WHY DO YOU THINK THIS HAPPENED?

ANTHER:ANTHER: MALE REPRODUCTIVE PART STIGMA:STIGMA: FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE PART FLOWER ANATOMY

MENDEL’S METHODS CONTROLLED POLLINATEDHE CONTROLLED THE EXPERIMENT BY CHOOSING HOW THE PLANTS WERE POLLINATED. POLLINATION:POLLINATION: ANTHER STIGMA –POLLEN GRAINS FROM ANTHER TRANSFERRED TO STIGMA

SELF-POLLINATIONSELF-POLLINATION: same flowerdifferent flowers on the same plant. –The transfer of pollen from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower, or to different flowers on the same plant.

CROSS-POLLINATION: 2 SEPARATEINVOLVES FLOWERS OF 2 SEPARATE PLANTS SELF- POLLINATIONTHE PEA PLANT THAT MENDEL STUDIED REPRODUCED BY SELF- POLLINATION

SELF-POLLINATION1 ST : SELF-POLLINATION CAN BE INTERRUPTED CROSS-POLLINATION2 ND : CROSS-POLLINATION PERFORMED. HOW THIS IS DONE: –A) REMOVE THE ANTHER FROM A FLOWER –B) MANUALLY TRANSFER ANTHER OF A FLOWER ON ONE PLANT TO THE STIGMA OF A FLOWER ON ANOTHER PLANT THIS GAVE MENDEL A CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT. WHAT MENDEL DID…

P1 GENERATION: –PARENT –PARENT GENERATION 14 STRAINS –MENDEL USED 14 STRAINS FOR EACH OF THE 14 TRAITS HE OBSERVED –WHEN PLANTS MATURED HE RECORDED THE NUMBER OF EACH TYPE OF OFFSPRING PRODUCED BY EACH P1 PLANT

F1 GENERATION: OFFSPRINGGENERATION OF OFFSPRING PRODUCED BY THE P1 PLANT FILIALFIRST FILIAL GENERATION THESE THEN SELF- POLLINATED AND COLLECTED SEEDS F2 GENERATION: –THE PLANTS THAT WERE PRODUCED BY THE F1 GENERATION OF PLANTS F 2 generation

HOW COULD THESE TESTS HELP US UNDERSTAND HOW WE INHERIT OUR TRAITS?

DOMINANT & RECESSIVE TALL HEIGHT DOMINANTMENDEL CALLED THE TALL HEIGHT OF THE PLANT DOMINANT –B/C IT HID/MASKED OR DOMINATED THE SHORT HEIGHT SHORT RECESSIVETHE SHORT PLANT WAS CALLED RECESSIVE HOW DOES THIS RELATE TO US?

PUNNETT SQUARE TOOL USED TO PREDICT THE RESULTS IN GENETICS CAPITAL LETTERA DOMINANT ALLELECAPITAL LETTER “A” REPRESENTS DOMINANT ALLELE LOWERCASE LETTER a recessive ALLELELOWERCASE LETTER “a” REPRESENTS recessive ALLELE LET’S DRAW AN ALLELE ON YOUR LEFT PAGE

GENOTYPE & PHENOTYPE GENOTYPE:GENOTYPE: THE GENETIC BLUEPRINT OR WHAT THE LETTER (ALLELE) REPRESENTS: T – “T” t – “t” PHENOTYPE:PHENOTYPE: IS HOW THE ALLELE LOOKS T –“T” = TALL PLANT t –“t” = short PLANT HOMOZYGOUS:2ALIKE EXACTLY ttTTHOMOZYGOUS: AN ORGANISM W/2 ALIKE ALLELES FOR A TRAIT THAT ARE EXACTLY THE SAME (tt OR TT) HETEROZYGOUS: 2 DIFFERENTTtHETEROZYGOUS: AN ORGANISM THAT HAS 2 DIFFERENT ALLELES FOR A TRAIT (Tt)

PUNNETT SQUARE EXAMPLES