Chapter 11 Ecosystems as Resources

Ecosystems perform natural services Normally functioning ecosystems provide _____ natural goods and services Normally functioning ecosystems provide _____ natural goods and services –Global ecosystems provide $41 trillion/year A functioning mangrove swamp ______ $14,450/acre A functioning mangrove swamp ______ $14,450/acre –Storm protection, forest products, spawning grounds If converted to a shrimp farm, it provides $3,376/acre If converted to a shrimp farm, it provides $3,376/acre –But pollution and land degradation cost $2,200/acre –For a net ______ of $1,175/acre! Benefits of conversion are local, _____, and specific Benefits of conversion are local, _____, and specific –Loss of services is regional, long-term, and diffuse

Review: Forest Services Modification of ______ Modification of ______ Maintenance of the hydrologic cycle Maintenance of the hydrologic cycle Erosion _____ and soil building Erosion _____ and soil building

Other Ecosystem Services Maintenance of the oxygen and ______ cycles Maintenance of the oxygen and ______ cycles Waste Treatment Waste Treatment –Wetlands especially ______ water- even raw sewage Pest management Pest management Carbon Storage and Maintenance of the _____ Cycle Carbon Storage and Maintenance of the _____ Cycle All of this should be review All of this should be review Ecosystems may have intrinsic _____- every ecosystem has a extrinsic value Ecosystems may have intrinsic _____- every ecosystem has a extrinsic value

Ecosystems as natural resources If natural services are so _____, why are they destroyed? If natural services are so _____, why are they destroyed? A natural area is _____ only when the society values its services higher than the value assigned to a direct human use of the resource A natural area is _____ only when the society values its services higher than the value assigned to a direct human use of the resource Referring to ______ systems as resources makes it easy to lose sight of their ecological value Referring to ______ systems as resources makes it easy to lose sight of their ecological value –Ecosystem capital _____ this mistake

Conservation vs. Preservation Conservation: how bad can we damage something with ___ destroying it Conservation: how bad can we damage something with ___ destroying it Preservation: protect something completely so that it is ___ harmed by humans Preservation: protect something completely so that it is ___ harmed by humans Example: Snowmobiles: Example: Snowmobiles: –What is the harm? Snow pack, exhaust, loud and scares animals, may wake ___ hibernating animals, leak oil, some start avalanches –A lot of people want to ____ up woodlands, others want to keep it pristine –ATVs grind up soil –Will one snowmobile do harm? –How much ___ we damage before it can’t come back?

Consumptive Use Harvest a natural ecosystem in ____ to survive Harvest a natural ecosystem in ____ to survive –trees for fire word, game ___ food –generally sustainable –Careful about ___ of harvest so you don’t run out

Productive Use Example: Logging, let’s make an economic gain, using ecosystem, Example: Logging, let’s make an economic gain, using ecosystem, –Exploitive –MSY: Maximum Sustainable Yield: take out just enough __ that ecosystem can recover, highest profit without hurting it –The trick is that sometimes they __ too far –Theoretically: half of carrying capacity, problem is if we have a _____ tough winter, always above critical number –TAC: Total allowable catch (Maritime Equivilent)

Fig 11-6 Optimum not always half Optimum not always half Should be _____ carrying capacity Should be _____ carrying capacity Precautionary principle: managing resource, if any doubt, err on the side of increasing the population _____ than higher catch. Why? If you mess it up, may __ extinct, no one makes any money. Precautionary principle: managing resource, if any doubt, err on the side of increasing the population _____ than higher catch. Why? If you mess it up, may __ extinct, no one makes any money. Argument- how much do we know? Argument- how much do we know?

Maximum sustainable yield

Tragedy of the Commons Easy to go beyond _____ number if no one owns land, or the land is owned by many Easy to go beyond _____ number if no one owns land, or the land is owned by many Garrett Hardin’s essay, 1968 Garrett Hardin’s essay, 1968 –Pasture _____ in England provided by king to anyone who wished to graze cattle –Those who realized that the commons was overgrazed and ______ cattle sacrificed profit –Others continued to overgraze anyway

Preventing the Tragedy Problem when there is ____ access, but no effective regulating authority Problem when there is ____ access, but no effective regulating authority Coastal and offshore fisheries- desirable ____ declining all over world Coastal and offshore fisheries- desirable ____ declining all over world One solution: private ownership- most owners manage for _____ run One solution: private ownership- most owners manage for _____ run Another solution: regulate access to the commons Another solution: regulate access to the commons

Effective Policies Some authority ____ be responsible for sustainability and can regulate use Some authority ____ be responsible for sustainability and can regulate use Sound ____ must be employed Sound ____ must be employed Economic incentives ____ promote the violation of regulations must be eliminated Economic incentives ____ promote the violation of regulations must be eliminated Suitable _____ must be preserved Suitable _____ must be preserved People’s sustenance needs must __ met People’s sustenance needs must __ met

Ecosystem restoration Restoration ecology _____ damaged lands and waters Restoration ecology _____ damaged lands and waters –Returning ecosystem _____, resilience, productivity –A worldwide, $70 billion industry A thorough knowledge of ecosystem and species ______ is essential to successful restoration efforts A thorough knowledge of ecosystem and species ______ is essential to successful restoration efforts Ecological problems that can be _____ include Ecological problems that can be _____ include –Soil erosion, strip mining, wetland draining, hurricane damage, agricultural use, deforestation, overgrazing

Everglades restoration Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP) Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP) –Approved ___ Congress in 2000 –Will take 36 years and $11 billion –Funded by ______ and state governments, tribal and local agencies Managed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Managed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers –Created the system that _____ restoration necessary The Everglades has been reduced to ____ its size through development and wetlands draining The Everglades has been reduced to ____ its size through development and wetlands draining –It holds wildlife refuges and national parks

The Everglades restoration plan

In bondage Water in Florida slowly ______ south from Lake Okeechobee Water in Florida slowly ______ south from Lake Okeechobee –The river of grass: 40 miles wide, 100 miles long Viewed as an unproductive swamp Viewed as an unproductive swamp –People built levees, locks, dams, spillways –Cities and sugar croplands divert water Winter water shortages _____ too little for natural systems Winter water shortages _____ too little for natural systems –Summer rains divert too much water to the Everglades Agricultural runoff of nutrients (phosphorus) ____ degraded the water Agricultural runoff of nutrients (phosphorus) ____ degraded the water –Invasive species have overrun native vegetation

Water release Goals of the 1996 task force to _____ the Everglades Goals of the 1996 task force to _____ the Everglades –“Getting the water right” (CERP’s role) –Restoring, _______, preserving habitats and species –Promoting compatibility of ______ and human systems The plan calls ___ removing levees and canals The plan calls ___ removing levees and canals –Capturing water through reservoirs and wells Restoring the river of grass to a healthy system will address the second goal Restoring the river of grass to a healthy system will address the second goal

Land buyout In 2008, U.S. Sugar agreed to ___ its land and facilities to the state of Florida for $1.7 billion In 2008, U.S. Sugar agreed to ___ its land and facilities to the state of Florida for $1.7 billion –187,000 acres southeast of Lake Okeechobee –Water stored in recreated _____ will flow into the Everglades during the dry season –Because of the recession, this plan was scaled _____ to $530 million for 72,500 acres –Future options allow the state to buy more land

Biomes and Ecosystems Under Pressure Forests Chapter 11.3

Forest ecosystems under pressure Forests grow in _____ receiving enough precipitation for tree growth Forests grow in _____ receiving enough precipitation for tree growth –The most productive land systems They perform vital _____ services They perform vital _____ services –Conserve biodiversity, moderate climate, prevent erosion, store carbon and nutrients, provide recreation Provide _____: lumber, paper, fodder, fibers, gums, latex, fruit, berries, nuts, fuel Provide _____: lumber, paper, fodder, fibers, gums, latex, fruit, berries, nuts, fuel The major threat: not ____ exploitation but total destruction The major threat: not ____ exploitation but total destruction

Forest resource assessments The UN’s 2009 State of the World Forests ____ that The UN’s 2009 State of the World Forests ____ that –Forests cover 30% of total land area –Deforestation (the removal of forest and replacement by another use) continues –The most important product is _____, and plantation forests have increased –9% of the world’s forests ____ protected and 65% have protection as a designated function –Recognition of forest roles in climate change The 2010 report will ____ high-resolution satellite images The 2010 report will ____ high-resolution satellite images

World forest biomes

Net changes in forest area

Logging operations

Value of Forests Most productive ecosystem the ____________ support Most productive ecosystem the ____________ support They conserve biodiversity They conserve biodiversity Moderate _________________ climates Moderate _________________ climates Prevent erosion Prevent erosion Store carbon _________________ nutrients Store carbon _________________ nutrients Provide recreational ________________, wood Provide recreational ________________, wood Provides $4.7 trillion worth of services Provides $4.7 trillion worth of services

Why Are Forests Being Cleared? Difficult for humans to exploit them for ________________________ Difficult for humans to exploit them for ________________________ Most NRG goes to detritus and decomposer food webs ____________________ than grazers Most NRG goes to detritus and decomposer food webs ____________________ than grazers Forests have been an __________________ to conventional husbandry and agriculture Forests have been an __________________ to conventional husbandry and agriculture

Types of Forest Management Even-_____ management Even-_____ management Uneven-aged management Uneven-aged management Selective ______ Selective ______ Shelterwood Cutting Shelterwood Cutting

If you were a trying to cut the _______________ in a forest, what strategy would you employ?

Strategy 1: Selective Cutting Strategy 1: Selective Cutting intermediate-aged or ________ trees are cut Maintains diversity of biota Normal ecosystem __________________ Remaining ___________ provide seeds– replanting unnecessary industry people say it is ___________ profitable can be destructive because many trees can be killed by removing a few large ones

Strategy 2: Shelterwood - Cutting cutting mature trees in groups over years At any time there are enough ______________ to both provide seeds and to give shelter to growing seedlings Takes _______________ active management and skill Leaves a functional ecosystem natural looking ______________ that can be used for recreation can be a _________________ habitat for wildlife

Strategy 3: Seed-tree Cutting harvests _____________ of a stand’s trees in one cutting leaves a ______________ remaining trees to re-seed the site after new trees are established, remaining adults are _______________ allows several species good _______________ wildlife and recreation

Strategy 4: Clear-cutting all trees ______________ removed at once site is artificially re-seeded requires less _______________/ skill, high return eliminates recreational and wildlife _______________

Strategy 5: Strip cutting a strip of trees is removed that is narrow ______ to be naturally re-seeded the next year, a new strip is cut; etc. forest is clear-cut over a decade or so will _____ less damage

Sustainable Forestry Sustainable yield: Sustainable yield: the production of wood is the _______________ goal the production of wood is the _______________ goal the forest is managed to continuously __________________ wood without removing the producing forest the forest is managed to continuously __________________ wood without removing the producing forest Sustainable _________________ Management: Sustainable _________________ Management: forests managed as ecosystems forests managed as ecosystems maintaining the biodiversity and _______________ of the ecosystem is the primary objective maintaining the biodiversity and _______________ of the ecosystem is the primary objective American Forest and ____________ Association adopted this American Forest and ____________ Association adopted this

Tropical Forests- Value Habitat for ______________________ of plant and animal species Habitat for ______________________ of plant and animal species Climatologists reason that they are crucial in maintaining Earth’s ____________________ Climatologists reason that they are crucial in maintaining Earth’s ____________________ Major _______________ for carbon Major _______________ for carbon Restrains the ______________________ up of atmospheric carbon dioxide Restrains the ______________________ up of atmospheric carbon dioxide

Rate of Clearance million hectares or 1.1 billion _____________________ cleared million hectares or 1.1 billion _____________________ cleared additional _____ million hectares additional _____ million hectares

Fires An area that is cut is __________________ to dry for a few weeks before being burned An area that is cut is __________________ to dry for a few weeks before being burned Plumes of smoke can be ________________ form space Plumes of smoke can be ________________ form space 1997 “The year the Earth caught Fire” WWF 1997 “The year the Earth caught Fire” WWF Tens of millions of people ___________________ to smoke for weeks in Southeast Asia Tens of millions of people ___________________ to smoke for weeks in Southeast Asia Also Brazil, Papua New Guinea, and Colombia Also Brazil, Papua New Guinea, and Colombia

Why? Countries want ____________________ growth Countries want ____________________ growth Population Increase Population Increase Conversion to pasture or intensive _______________ Conversion to pasture or intensive _______________ Clearance for ____________________ farming Clearance for ____________________ farming

Why? (Continued) Many governments in the developing _______________________ are promoting deforestation by encouraging colonization Many governments in the developing _______________________ are promoting deforestation by encouraging colonization Indonesia intends to __________________ 20% of remaining forest to agriculture- rice patties Indonesia intends to __________________ 20% of remaining forest to agriculture- rice patties Brazil grants 250 acres of land and provides subsidies of food, money, and ___________________ to peasants who are willing to migrate to Amazonian Rain Forest Brazil grants 250 acres of land and provides subsidies of food, money, and ___________________ to peasants who are willing to migrate to Amazonian Rain Forest Africa and _____________________, too Africa and _____________________, too

Elements of sustainable forest management Forest resources: reduce deforestation, ____________ landscapes, maintain carbon storage, support conservation efforts Forest resources: reduce deforestation, ____________ landscapes, maintain carbon storage, support conservation efforts Biological diversity: conserve all ________ of diversity Biological diversity: conserve all ________ of diversity Forest health and vitality: protect from fire, pests, etc. Forest health and vitality: protect from fire, pests, etc. Productive functions: wood and __________ products Productive functions: wood and __________ products Protective functions: provide valuable ecosystem services Protective functions: provide valuable ecosystem services Socioeconomic functions: ______________, spiritual, recreational Socioeconomic functions: ______________, spiritual, recreational Legal, policy, and institutional framework: fair and just use of forests; proper ______________ enforcement Legal, policy, and institutional framework: fair and just use of forests; proper ______________ enforcement

Tropical forests Deforestation of tropical __________________ is of special concern Deforestation of tropical __________________ is of special concern –They provide habitat for millions of species –Between 1960 and 1990, ______ was converted to other uses Countries need economic development Countries need economic development –They also have rapid ____________________ growth The major cause of deforestation: conversion to _________________________ and agriculture The major cause of deforestation: conversion to _________________________ and agriculture Governments encourage colonization of forested lands Governments encourage colonization of forested lands –Indonesia, Africa, Brazil After slowing, deforestation ______________ are once again rising After slowing, deforestation ______________ are once again rising

Forests provide revenue Developing countries sell logging ____________ to multinational logging corporations Developing countries sell logging ____________ to multinational logging corporations –They harvest timber without regard to ________________________ Chinese and other Asian companies log ______________ of acres in Belize, Suriname, Papua New Guinea Chinese and other Asian companies log ______________ of acres in Belize, Suriname, Papua New Guinea –Weak regulations and corruption Millions of people live in ________________ or on their edges Millions of people live in ________________ or on their edges –Extracting forest goods There are encouraging _________________ in forest management in developing countries There are encouraging _________________ in forest management in developing countries

Encouraging trends in forest management Practicing sustainable management: 6% of tropical forests are ___________________ a formal management plan Practicing sustainable management: 6% of tropical forests are ___________________ a formal management plan Designating areas for conservation: 11% of forests Designating areas for conservation: 11% of forests Establishing plantations for _________________ or other products: reduces pressure on natural forests Establishing plantations for _________________ or other products: reduces pressure on natural forests Setting aside extractive _______________ for nontimber uses Setting aside extractive _______________ for nontimber uses Preserving forests as part of a national heritage or for tourism: can _________________ more money than logging Preserving forests as part of a national heritage or for tourism: can _________________ more money than logging Putting forests under control of _____________________ people: to use sustainably Putting forests under control of _____________________ people: to use sustainably

A plantation forest

Certification The Forest Stewardship Council: an _______________ of nongovernmental organizations, industry, and scientists The Forest Stewardship Council: an _______________ of nongovernmental organizations, industry, and scientists –To promote _________________ (responsible) forestry –Certifies forest products for the ____________ market By 2010, 110 million hectares (242 million acres) in 81 countries were _____________ By 2010, 110 million hectares (242 million acres) in 81 countries were _____________ Consumers can choose wood products that have been __________________ harvested Consumers can choose wood products that have been __________________ harvested

Ocean Ecosystems 11.3

Marine Fisheries Fishery: limited marine _______________ or a group of fish or shellfish Fishery: limited marine _______________ or a group of fish or shellfish Fisheries employ 200 million people and provide 15% of ___________________ Fisheries employ 200 million people and provide 15% of ___________________ Before 1970, 12 miles from coast was international _____________________ Before 1970, 12 miles from coast was international _____________________ By the end of the 1960s, many areas seriously _________________ due to factory ships and modern fish finding technology By the end of the 1960s, many areas seriously _________________ due to factory ships and modern fish finding technology

Shrinking the Commons An agreement at U.N. Conferences on the Law of the ___________________ (in the mid 1970s)- nations had jurisdiction 200 miles from coast An agreement at U.N. Conferences on the Law of the ___________________ (in the mid 1970s)- nations had jurisdiction 200 miles from coast U.S. Magnuson Act of same thing U.S. Magnuson Act of same thing These _________________ put prime fishing grounds under authority of nations. These _________________ put prime fishing grounds under authority of nations. Some fisheries _____________________ Some fisheries _____________________

Global Fish Harvest Pg 305, Fig Pg 305, Fig Compare and contrast “World Catch” with “All Aquaculture” Compare and contrast “World Catch” with “All Aquaculture” “Capture” fisheries __________________ off in the 1980s “Capture” fisheries __________________ off in the 1980s Increase of fish productions due to __________________ Increase of fish productions due to __________________ Modern tech: fish finding sonar, underwater television cameras, spotter planes, helicopters Modern tech: fish finding sonar, underwater television cameras, spotter planes, helicopters How can they afford this tech? _______________ How can they afford this tech? _______________ The fleet landed $81 billion _____________ of fish at a cost of $124 billion The fleet landed $81 billion _____________ of fish at a cost of $124 billion

The Limits Many species and ________________ are overfished Many species and ________________ are overfished 47% of stocks are fully _______________ (at maximum sustainable limit) 47% of stocks are fully _______________ (at maximum sustainable limit) 18% overexploited- will likely __________ further 18% overexploited- will likely __________ further 10% are depleted – much less ___________________, less valuable fish 10% are depleted – much less ___________________, less valuable fish Aquaculture helping Aquaculture helping

Restoration If fisheries were restored, the catch would ______________ by 10 million metric tons If fisheries were restored, the catch would ______________ by 10 million metric tons Fishing for many ______________ would have to be eliminated or greatly reduced Fishing for many ______________ would have to be eliminated or greatly reduced Johannesburg World Summit: agreement to restore _______________ global fisheries “on an urgent basis” by 2015 Johannesburg World Summit: agreement to restore _______________ global fisheries “on an urgent basis” by 2015

Georges Bank, New England Management councils consisted of government officials and ______________ representatives. Management councils consisted of government officials and ______________ representatives. National Marine Fisheries Service: scientific advise- can reject ________________ of plan National Marine Fisheries Service: scientific advise- can reject ________________ of plan Fishers complained that TACs were too low, instead got _________________ to use nets that let small fish escape Fishers complained that TACs were too low, instead got _________________ to use nets that let small fish escape

Georges Bank, cont.. Disaster- the number of fishing boats ____________________. Disaster- the number of fishing boats ____________________. Collapse imminent- drastic action Collapse imminent- drastic action –All vessels ___________________ days by 50% –1/3 of area totally closed to fishing –No new ____________________ allowed –Buyout of fishing _________________ so fewer people fishing

Ocean Productivity Why is the ocean so _______________? Even in the photic zone Why is the ocean so _______________? Even in the photic zone What do we need to be _____________? What do we need to be _____________? Plants- Producers Plants- Producers Why don’t we have many ____________? Why don’t we have many ____________? Missing _____________- sinking out- detrital rain Missing _____________- sinking out- detrital rain

Fishing Troll- huge _____ with weights, Troll- huge _____ with weights, Tuna, for years caught dolphins as well Tuna, for years caught dolphins as well Dolphins ______ with Tuna for food, so some fisherman didn’t mind killing them Dolphins ______ with Tuna for food, so some fisherman didn’t mind killing them Dolphin _____ net- anything smarter than a tuna can swim out Dolphin _____ net- anything smarter than a tuna can swim out 40’s – 70’s good chance you were ______ dolphin with your tuna 40’s – 70’s good chance you were ______ dolphin with your tuna

Whaling Whales once _______ for oil, now a delicacy in Japan and other countries Whales once _______ for oil, now a delicacy in Japan and other countries International Whaling Commission at first tried MSY, but had trouble enforcing International Whaling Commission at first tried MSY, but had trouble enforcing IWC placed a _______ in 1986, only some allowed by Japan, Norway and some indigenous people in Canada, Alaska, Greenland IWC placed a _______ in 1986, only some allowed by Japan, Norway and some indigenous people in Canada, Alaska, Greenland Still pressure to open it back up Still pressure to open it back up

Coral Reefs Among most diverse and biologically _________ ecosystems Among most diverse and biologically _________ ecosystems Symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae an algae that can do ____________________ Symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae an algae that can do ____________________ Tourism, fishing Tourism, fishing Coral Bleaching: corals loose zooxanthellae- annual due to high temps in summer but danger due to El Nino and Global _________________ Coral Bleaching: corals loose zooxanthellae- annual due to high temps in summer but danger due to El Nino and Global _________________

Exploitation of Coral Reefs ___________________ in tropical fish- for aquariums and food ___________________ in tropical fish- for aquariums and food Some use _______________ to get fish to come out Some use _______________ to get fish to come out _______________ used to “stun” fish _______________ used to “stun” fish Marine Aquarium Council: nonprofit that _______________ marine fish sold at pet stores were acquired in an “eco-friendly” manner Marine Aquarium Council: nonprofit that _______________ marine fish sold at pet stores were acquired in an “eco-friendly” manner

Mangroves Just inland of _________________ reefs Just inland of _________________ reefs Trees that can root and grow in shallow marine ________________________ Trees that can root and grow in shallow marine ________________________ Protect coasts from damage due to ________________________ Protect coasts from damage due to ________________________ Form a refuge and nursery for marine fish Form a refuge and nursery for marine fish Underassault form development, logging, shrimp __________________________ Underassault form development, logging, shrimp __________________________

Public and Private Lands in the United States National parks and national wildlife _________________________________ National parks and national wildlife _________________________________ National forests National forests Protecting ____________________ lands Protecting ____________________ lands Conclusion Conclusion

Federal Lands (40%) in the U.S.

Wilderness Act of 1964 Provides for ____-____________ protection of undeveloped and unexploited areas so that natural _______________ processes can operate freely Provides for ____-____________ protection of undeveloped and unexploited areas so that natural _______________ processes can operate freely Permanent structures, roads, motor vehicles ___________________________ Permanent structures, roads, motor vehicles ___________________________ Some ___________ and mining allowed if there before Some ___________ and mining allowed if there before _____ of land area in U.S. _____ of land area in U.S. Preservation, _________________ conservation Preservation, _________________ conservation

National Parks and National Wildlife Refuges National Parks administered by National ___________ Service (NPS) National Parks administered by National ___________ Service (NPS) National Wildlife ____________ by Fish and Wildlife Services (FWS) National Wildlife ____________ by Fish and Wildlife Services (FWS) Intent to protect areas of great _____________ or unique ecological significance, protect important ______________ species, provide public access for recreation and other uses Intent to protect areas of great _____________ or unique ecological significance, protect important ______________ species, provide public access for recreation and other uses

Groups working together Agencies, environmental groups, private individuals to manage larger __________________ Agencies, environmental groups, private individuals to manage larger __________________ Example: Greater Yellowstone Coalition ____________ Yellowstone, Grand Teton National Park, and land surrounding Example: Greater Yellowstone Coalition ____________ Yellowstone, Grand Teton National Park, and land surrounding Coalition has challenged logging, roads, ______________ grizzly bear habitats, and bison that wonder off Coalition has challenged logging, roads, ______________ grizzly bear habitats, and bison that wonder off

National Forests Only _____ of the original U.S. forests are left Only _____ of the original U.S. forests are left Most U.S. _______________ are second growth Most U.S. _______________ are second growth

National Forests In the East, forests ____________ private In the East, forests ____________ private National Forests mostly in the West National Forests mostly in the West Administered by National Forest Service (NFS) and Bureau of Land ____________ (BLM) Administered by National Forest Service (NFS) and Bureau of Land ____________ (BLM) Good News: ________________ no longer a problem in U.S! Good News: ________________ no longer a problem in U.S!

Certification The Forest Stewardship Council: an alliance of nongovernmental __________, industry, and scientists The Forest Stewardship Council: an alliance of nongovernmental __________, industry, and scientists –To promote sustainable (responsible) forestry –Certifies forest products for the _______ market By 2010, 110 million hectares (242 million acres) in 81 countries were _______ By 2010, 110 million hectares (242 million acres) in 81 countries were _______ Consumers can choose wood products that have been ________ harvested Consumers can choose wood products that have been ________ harvested

National Forest Management Principle Multiple Use: 1950s and 1960s, extracting resources, _______, protection of wildlife and rivers. Multiple Use: 1950s and 1960s, extracting resources, _______, protection of wildlife and rivers. Was supposed to be balanced, but _________ was emphasized Was supposed to be balanced, but _________ was emphasized Government _______ select tracts of land to be leased to private logging companies Government _______ select tracts of land to be leased to private logging companies

Post WW II Housing Boom Environmental Concerns Reagan Clinton

New Forestry = Ecosystem Management Cut trees less __________________ Cut trees less __________________ Leave wider buffer zones along waterways Leave wider buffer zones along waterways Leave dead logs and _______________ Leave dead logs and _______________ Protect ________________ landscapes Protect ________________ landscapes Build no new roads until ______________ to old ones is addressed Build no new roads until ______________ to old ones is addressed

Protecting Nonfederal Lands landowners and townspeople want to _______________ land from development landowners and townspeople want to _______________ land from development Land Trust _______________: a nonprofit organization that buys land to protect it fr Land Trust _______________: a nonprofit organization that buys land to protect it fr Nature Conservancy: a large international trust agency that _____________ 15 million acres Nature Conservancy: a large international trust agency that _____________ 15 million acres Trustees of _____________________ in Massachusetts Trustees of _____________________ in Massachusetts

Conclusions? We are plundering our children’s heritage to pay for our present _________ practices. We are plundering our children’s heritage to pay for our present _________ practices. We need a new ethic of __________. We need a new ethic of __________. –U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan