Learning Challenges Describe how a phospholipids is different to a triglyceride (D) Identify the relative parts on a diagram of the plasma membrane (D) Describe the arrangement of phospholipids, proteins & carbohydrates using the fluid- mosaic model ( C) Describe and explain the role of carrier proteins and protein channels in facilitated diffusion. (C>) YOU WILL HAVE A RESIT OF YOUR CELLS AND MITOSIS TEST NEXT WEEK ON WEDNESDAY OR THURSDAY!!! I WANT YOUR COMLETED LAB BOOKS ON WEDNESDAY NEXT WEEK!!!!!

Chapter 2.3

Objectives of unit: Understand the structure and properties of the plasma membrane Investigate the properties of plasma membranes practically Explain passive transport mechanisms of diffusion and facilitative diffusion, including the role of transporter and carrier proteins Define the process of osmosis Explain the process of active transport and the role of proteins and ATP Explain the processes of endocytosis and exocytosis Describe the properties of gas exchange surfaces in living organisms Explain how the structure of the mammalian lung is adapted for rapid gaseous exchange

Learning Challenges Describe how a phospholipids is different to a triglyceride (D) Identify the relative parts on a diagram of the plasma membrane (D) Describe the arrangement of phospholipids, proteins & carbohydrates using the fluid- mosaic model ( C) Describe and explain the role of carrier proteins and protein channels in facilitated diffusion. (C>) Cells have many membranes: plasma membrane tonoplast outer mitochondrial membrane inner mitochondrial membraneouter chloroplast membrane nuclear envelope

Learning Challenges Describe how a phospholipids is different to a triglyceride (D) Identify the relative parts on a diagram of the plasma membrane (D) Describe the arrangement of phospholipids, proteins & carbohydrates using the fluid- mosaic model ( C) Describe and explain the role of carrier proteins and protein channels in facilitated diffusion. (C>) Membranes are flexible and able to break and fuse easily Neutrophil engulfing anthrax bacteria. Cover credit: Micrograph by Volker Brinkmann, PLoS Pathogens Vol. 1(3) Nov μm ube.com/watch?v =Z_mXDvZQ6dU

Learning Challenges Describe how a phospholipids is different to a triglyceride (D) Identify the relative parts on a diagram of the plasma membrane (D) Describe the arrangement of phospholipids, proteins & carbohydrates using the fluid- mosaic model ( C) Describe and explain the role of carrier proteins and protein channels in facilitated diffusion. (C>) Membranes allow cellular compartments to have different conditions pH 4.8 Contains digestive enzymes, optimum pH pH 7.2 lysosome cytosol Membrane acts as a barrier

Learning Challenges Describe how a phospholipids is different to a triglyceride (D) Identify the relative parts on a diagram of the plasma membrane (D) Describe the arrangement of phospholipids, proteins & carbohydrates using the fluid- mosaic model ( C) Describe and explain the role of carrier proteins and protein channels in facilitated diffusion. (C>) Membranes are mainly made of phospholipids phosphate group glycerol fatty acid phosphoester bond ester bond hydrophilic head hydrophobic tail

Learning Challenges Describe how a phospholipids is different to a triglyceride (D) Identify the relative parts on a diagram of the plasma membrane (D) Describe the arrangement of phospholipids, proteins & carbohydrates using the fluid- mosaic model ( C) Describe and explain the role of carrier proteins and protein channels in facilitated diffusion. (C>) Phospholipid

Learning Challenges Describe how a phospholipids is different to a triglyceride (D) Identify the relative parts on a diagram of the plasma membrane (D) Describe the arrangement of phospholipids, proteins & carbohydrates using the fluid- mosaic model ( C) Describe and explain the role of carrier proteins and protein channels in facilitated diffusion. (C>) Phospholipid

The polar hydrophilic heads are water soluble and the hydrophobic heads are water insoluble aqueous solution Hydrophilic (water-loving) head Hydrophobic (water-hating) tail Phospholipids form micelles when submerged in water air

Learning Challenges Describe how a phospholipids is different to a triglyceride (D) Identify the relative parts on a diagram of the plasma membrane (D) Describe the arrangement of phospholipids, proteins & carbohydrates using the fluid- mosaic model ( C) Describe and explain the role of carrier proteins and protein channels in facilitated diffusion. (C>) In 1925 Gorter and Grendel proposed that the unit membrane is formed from a phospholipid bilayer Extracellular space (aqueous) Cytosoplasm (aqueous) phospholipid bilayer Phosphate heads face aqueous solution Hydrophobic tails face inwards

Question: Explain why phospholipids form a bilayer in plasma membranes (4). Phospholipids have a polar phosphate group which are hydrophilic and will face the aqueous solutions The fatty acid tails are non-polar and will move away from an aqueous environment As both tissue fluid and cytoplasm is aqueous phospholipids form two layers with the hydrophobic tails facing inward and phosphate groups outwards interacting with the aqueous environment Click here to hide answers Click to reveal answers

Learning Challenges Describe how a phospholipids is different to a triglyceride (D) Identify the relative parts on a diagram of the plasma membrane (D) Describe the arrangement of phospholipids, proteins & carbohydrates using the fluid- mosaic model ( C) Describe and explain the role of carrier proteins and protein channels in facilitated diffusion. (C>) Initial studies showed that the plasma membrane had layers: Scientists also found that protein were present in membranes so Davson-Danielli proposed in 1935 the following model for membrane structure: Protein Phospholipid bilayer

Learning Challenges Describe how a phospholipids is different to a triglyceride (D) Identify the relative parts on a diagram of the plasma membrane (D) Describe the arrangement of phospholipids, proteins & carbohydrates using the fluid- mosaic model ( C) Describe and explain the role of carrier proteins and protein channels in facilitated diffusion. (C>) The development and use of electron microscopes showed that the Davson-Danielli model was incorrect In the early 1970s Singer and Nicholson used techniques such as freeze-etching to confirm the lipid bilayer. They also showed that the proteins were distributed throughout the protein in a mosaic pattern. In addition they found that the membrane was fluid and had considerable sideways movement of molecules within it. Hence they proposed the Fluid-Mosaic Model for Plasma Membrane Structure.

Learning Challenges Describe how a phospholipids is different to a triglyceride (D) Identify the relative parts on a diagram of the plasma membrane (D) Describe the arrangement of phospholipids, proteins & carbohydrates using the fluid- mosaic model ( C) Describe and explain the role of carrier proteins and protein channels in facilitated diffusion. (C>) Activity: Read pages 100 – 103 of your textbook Answer questions 1 – 3 on page 103

The fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane: The proteins can move freely through the lipid bilayer. The ease with which they do this is dependent on the number of phospholipids with unsaturated fatty acids in the phospholipids.

Learning Challenges Describe how a phospholipids is different to a triglyceride (D) Identify the relative parts on a diagram of the plasma membrane (D) Describe the arrangement of phospholipids, proteins & carbohydrates using the fluid- mosaic model ( C) Describe and explain the role of carrier proteins and protein channels in facilitated diffusion. (C>) Fat-soluble organic molecules can diffuse through the bilayer but polar molecules require proteins Extracellular space Cytosoplasm (aqueous) Fat-soluble moleculesPolar molecules hydrophilic pore diffusion facilitated diffusion

Question 4: How can polar and non-polar molecules pass through the membrane (2). Polar molecules require proteins to enable them to pass through the membrane Non-polar molecules can diffuse directly through the phospholipid bilayer Click here to hide answers Click to reveal answer

The membrane contains many types of protein: glycoprotein carbohydrate chain integral protein peripheral protein carrier protein Glycocalyx: For cell recognition so cells group together to form tissues Receptor: for recognition by hormones Enzyme or signalling protein hydrophilic channel

Question: Label the diagram (11marks) Note: label the proteins based on location or structure, e.g. you do not need to identify receptors and enzymes. 1) carbohydrate; 2) glycoprotein; 3)integral protein; 4) peripheral protein; 5) carrier protein 6) hydrophilic channel; 7) phosphate group; 8) fatty acid; 9) phospholipid; 10) glycocalyx; 11) phospholipid bilayerclick to cover answers Click to reveal answers 7

Question: Explain why the model for membrane structure is known as the fluid mosaic model (3). The phospholipid molecules can move freely laterally and makes the membrane fluid. The proteins are distributed throughout the membrane un evenly and in a mosaic pattern. The agreed structure is based upon experimental and chemical evidence and so is classed as a model. Click here to hide answers Click to reveal the answers

Question: Describe the structure and function of the glycocalyx (3) Consists of glycoproteins Which are proteins with added carbohydrate chains Used for cell recognition/receptors Click here to hide answers Click to reveal answers

There are different types of carrier proteins in the membrane: ATP Channel proteinGated-channel proteinCarrier protein (passive) Carrier protein (active)

Membrane bound proteins allow chemical processes to occur on membranes in a sequential manner: ATP synthase Enzyme and transporter proteins involved in aerobic respiration in the inner mitochondrial membrane membrane Q III I II IV Cyt c proteins

Question: Other than as carrier proteins state two functions of membrane bound proteins (2). Receptors Enzymes Structural (attached to microtubules) Click here to hide answers Click to reveal answers

Practical Activity: Factors affecting membrane permeability What experiment would you have done to see this?

Permeability Three factors affect the permeability of a cell membrane:  heat  ethanol  pH Try and explain how these factors affect the membrane, by referring to the fluid mosaic model. A temperature exceeding the optimum and pH levels beyond the normal range can denature the membrane’s proteins. Ethanol dissolves the lipid components of the membrane. This all makes the membrane far more permeable acting as if it is full of holes. Help

Membrane Permeability Plasma membranes are semi-permeable – this means that some substances can pass through and others cannot. What is it that determines what substances pass through? The substance has to be very soluble in the oily phospholipid bilayer. Steroid hormones, oxygen and carbon dioxide are examples of such molecules. steroid hormone oxygen carbon dioxide Glucose Protein Lipid SOLUBLE INSOLUBLE

Absorbance % Experiment 5°C 0.04 Click the arrows to adjust the temperature

Experiment 22.5°C Absorption % 0.075

Experiment 40°C Absorption % 0.12

Experiment 52°C Absorption % 0.25

Experiment 60°C Absorption % 0.64

Experiment 68°C Absorption % 0.70

Results Results Table Graph Temperature (°c) Absorption/ % (Room Temperature)

Conclusion The increase in temperature causes the proteins in the membrane to denature and so its permeability increases, causing substances (purple dye in this case) to escape.

Question 3: Describe an experiment by which you could test to see whether alcohol concentration affected membrane permeability (5). Same volume discs of beetroot Same volume of alcohol Same temperature Same time in alcohol Range of alcohol concentrations Use colourimeter to read amount of pigment in solution Graph of colour intensity (% absorbance etc.) over alcohol concentration Click here to hide answers Click to reveal answers

Learning Challenges Describe how a phospholipids is different to a triglyceride (D) Identify the relative parts on a diagram of the plasma membrane (D) Describe the arrangement of phospholipids, proteins & carbohydrates using the fluid- mosaic model ( C) Describe and explain the role of carrier proteins and protein channels in facilitated diffusion. (C>) Summary The unit membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer Phospholipids consist of a polar, hydrophilic phosphate head and a non- polar, hydrophobic tail consisting of fatty acid chains. Proteins also occur in the membrane and float freely throughout it. The model for membrane structure is known as the fluid mosaic model. Peripheral proteins occur on the inner or outer face of the membrane and integral proteins extend through both lipid layers. Membrane bound enzymes occur allowing structured metabolic pathways. Glycoproteins form the glycocalyx and allow cell to cell recognition. Receptor proteins can act as binding sites for hormones and other substances and can transmit the information to the interior of the cell. A variety of carrier proteins allow for the controlled movement of substance through the membrane using both passive diffusion or active transport. Non-polar, lipid soluble molecules diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer. Ionic, polar molecules require carrier proteins to enable them to pass through the membrane. Membrane structure loses integrity with high temperature or presence of organic solvents such as alcohol, thereby increasing permeability.