Unit 4 COLD WAR RESOLUTIONS

DÉTENTE

I. Soviet policy in Eastern Euro and China A Nikita Khrushchev 1.Destanlinization 2.Soviet satellites began to protest when life did not change for them Hungary (Oct 1956) – Imre Nagay

B.1964 – Leonid Brezhnev 1.Reverses destalinization at home Harsh Repressive Censored Limited freedom of speech and worship Secret police 2.Did not tolerate dissent in Eastern Euro

C.Revolt Czechoslovakia (1968) 1.Czech communist leader Alexander Dubcek loosened controls 2.New ideas took off = Prague Spring 3.August 20 Warsaw Pact nations invaded Brezhnev said the USSR had the right to prevent its satellites from rejecting communism (Brezhnev Doctrine)

D.The Soviet –Chinese Split 1.Mao and Stalin signed a 30-year treaty of friendship 2.As China grew more confident, resented Soviet’s leadership Khrushchev refused to share nuclear secrets with China Soviets ended technical economic aid 5.Fighting broke out along common borders. 6.Fragile peace.

II. From Brinkmanship to Détente A.Brinkmanship policy for years = a policy of threatening to go to war in response to enemy aggression 1.Eisenhower – 1960 U-2 incident 2.JFK – 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis 3.Johnson - escalation of US involvement in Vietnam DWIGHT EISENHOWER JOHN F. KENNEDY LYNDON B. JOHNSON

B.Under President Nixon the U.S. turns to Détente after Vietnam. = policy of reducing Cold War tensions b/wn the US and USSR 1.Nixon believes in realpolitik (or “realistic politics”) = 2.Feb 1972 Nixon visits China. 3.June 1972 Nixon visits The Soviet Union » Meets with Brezhnev » Sign SALT I » Helsinki Accords RICHARD NIXON

III. The Collapse of Détente A.Review: Under Nixon and Ford there were improved relations with Communist Nations. RICHARD NIXON GERALD FORD

B.Late 1970s Jimmy Carter become concerned: 1.Protesters in the USSR wee being treated harshly. 2.Late 1979 USSR invaded Afghanistan US boycotts Moscow Olympics 4.China, India begin to build nuclear arsenals JIMMY CARTER

C.Ronald Reagan (1981) took an anti- communist stance. 1.Increased defense spending 2.Put economic and military pressure on the USSR 3.START – Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty Strategic Defense Initiative (aka Star Wars) 5.US activities also increase tensions Olympic Games in Las Angeles demonstrated continued tensions. RONALD REAGAN

D.1985 change in Soviet leadership – Mikhail Gorbachev – brought new policy and beginning of Cold War Thaw

Soviets in Afghanistan Silver Books p. 419 Moscow Olympics Silver Books 424 – 425 Star Wars Silver Books p Summer Olympics Handout START 1 Handout Gorbachev Silver Books 456

The Soviet Break-Up

IV. Gorbachev and USSR Moves Toward Democracy A.Review: Brezhnev & the Politburo were harsh 1.Crushed opposition 2.Censored 3.Restricted freedom of speech and worship Brezhnev died; who would lead?

B.Mikhail Gorbachev 1.Selected in Young (54) and well-liked 3.Pursued new ideas

C.Glasnost = openness 1.Why? a.Past leaders were totalitarians b.Economic and social reforms could not happen without free flow of ideas 2.Reforms: a.Opened churches b.Released dissidents from prison c.Banned authors could now publish d.Reporters investigate and criticized officials

D.Perestroika = economic restructuring 1.Why? Central planning was inefficient 2.Reforms: a.Local managers took control of farms and factories b.Small private businesses opened 3.Goal: increase efficiency and productivity

E.Democratization – gradually opening of political system F.Foreign Policy 1.Reagan started the arms race again; $2 trillion increase in military spending 2.American spending put pressure on the USSR 3.Soviet economy could not keep up 4.Dec 1987 signed Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces w/ the U.S.; Banned nuclear missiles that had range of miles

V. Turmoil in the Soviet Union A.Gorbachev did not oppose reform B.Nationalities began to call for freedom ethnic groups in the Soviet Union 2.USSR = 15 Republics; Russia was the largest and was resented 3.Unrest in Ukraine, Georgia, Moldova; demand self-rule

C.Lithuania is 1 st to challenge 1.Background: a.Independent in b/wn World Wars b.1940 = Soviets annexed Lithuania, Estonia, &Latvia 2.March 1990 Lithuania declares independence 3.Soviet response = economic blockade 4.January 1991 Soviet troops attacked civilians at capital; 14 dead, 100s injured 5.Results: Gorbachev loses popularity

D.Boris Yeltsin Gains Popularity 1.Background: a.Member of the Soviet Parliament b.Former mayor of Russia c.June 1991 elected Russia’s 1 st directly elected president 2.Spoke out against Gorbachev’s handling of Lithuania

E.The August Coup 1.Background – “old” communist officials were hard- liners (conservatives who opposed reform) 2.Aug 18, 1991 hard-liners detained Gorbachev at his vacation house; demanded his resignation as Pres. 3.Aug s of tanks entered Moscow a.Soviet people ready to defend b.Turned to Yeltsin 4.Aug 20 hard-liners ordered troops to attack parliament building; they refused! 5.Aug 21 the military withdrew from Moscow 6.That night Gorbachev returned

F.End of the Soviet Union 1.Communist party collapsed because of a failed coup. 2.Estonia and Latvia declared independence. 3.Other republics followed; By Dec 15 ALL were independent 4.Yeltsin organized the CIS - Commonwealth of Independent States – a loose federation of former Soviet territories. a.Death of the U.S.S.R. b.Christmas 1991 Gorbachev resigned as president

Commonwealth of Independent States