During the 1960’s, American many young people were involved in various social movements.

 “a social movement is a type of behavior in which a large number of people consciously attempt to change existing institutions and establish a new order of life.”  Civil Rights Movement  Anti-war Movement  Popular culture

1. a social base of people 2. a “message” or ideology 3. the ability to spread the message and get support

-What is the Civil Rights movement? -Who is Rosa Parks?

The Civil Rights Movement was an American social movement, lead by black citizens. The Civil Rights Movement made it illegal to discriminate against people because of racial prejudice. Some call it the “Southern Freedom Movement” The Civil Rights Movement took place mostly in the Southern US.

 The Civil Rights Movement took off with the Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955.

 During the time of segregation, blacks and whites did not mix.  One day while riding the bus, Rosa Parks was told to move to the back of the bus so that some whites could sit in the front. When Rosa Parks refused to move, she was arrested.

The next day, the black citizens of Montgomery began a boycott of the city’s buses. They refused to ride on the city’s public transportation. They became known as “freedom walkers”

 Also, black taxi drivers only charged 10 cents for a ride, which was the cost of a bus ride.  Others hitchhiked.  Carpools

 After more than a year, businesses and the government were under great pressure due to the boycott, and on Nov. 1956, the Supreme Court found the bus segregation illegal. It was the first major victory in the Civil Rights Movement.

 Martin Luther King was a leader during the bus boycott, and was arrested at one time for “hindering” a bus.  He said: "I was proud of my crime. It was the crime of joining my people in a nonviolent protest against injustice."

 Freedom of Assembly (in the First Amendment)  During his life, MLK was arrested 5 times for protesting injustice.

 Sit-ins were a popular and successful form of protest.  “Lunch counters”

On February 1, 1960, 4 freshmen from a black college in Greensboro, North Carolina, sat down at a white lunch counter and ordered coffee. When refused, they continued to sit at the counter, openly defying the segregation law prevailing in the state. The next day, more students joined them. o Sit-ins were a peaceful way to publically defy the segregation laws.

 For the most part, blacks protested segregation peacefully, however they were often attacked and arrested, and sometimes murdered.  Through their persistence, the Civil Rights Movement ultimately found victory.

Integration of schools

At the March on Washington, Martin Luther King gave his famous “I have a Dream” speech.

The song “My Country tis of Thee” is an American patriotic song that begins: My country, 'tis of thee, Sweet land of liberty, Of thee I sing; Land where my fathers died, Land of the pilgrims' pride, From every mountainside Let freedom ring!

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was an important piece of legislation in the United States that outlawed major forms of discrimination against blacks and women, including racial segregation. It ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and public facilities.

Write down 2 questions you have regarding race in America. Then we will discuss these questions together.

was a Cold War military conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April This war was fought between North Vietnam (supported by its communist allies) and the government of South Vietnam, (supported by the US and other anti-communist nations).

In the First Indochina War, France was defeated at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu. After the war: Geneva Conference (1954) The 17 th Parallel: division of Vietnam into North (pro-Communist) and South (pro-West). Later, Communist forces in South Vietnam begin to rebel, and the US joins in to support the South Vietnamese government.

The Viet Cong, a lightly armed South Vietnamese communist group fought a guerrilla war against anti-communist forces. The Vietnam People's Army (North Vietnamese Army) & the U.S. Army engaged in conventional war. U.S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air attacks and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations, involving ground forces, artillery and airstrikes. (wikipedia)

 Movie: The Fog of War. In this documentary, the 84-year old former Secretary of Defense, Robert McNamara, admits that the Gulf of Tonkin did not really happen.  Other evidence shows that the Gulf of Tonkin incident was unfounded.  President Johnson told the American people that Vietnamese shot at American naval ships in the Gulf of Tonkin.  President Johnson asked to use military force in Vietnam without a formal Declaration of war.

 What other reasons did America have to send the military forces to Vietnam?

Teach-Ins Protests Marches Student Strikes Draft Dodging

Media coverage The first “television war” At the village My Lai, the American soldiers killed the entire village. Pictures of the massacre were sent to the press, which fueled the anti-war movement

Men were drafted by a lottery based on birthdays. Many men famously burned their draft cards. Some men left the country or were put in jail. “Draft dodgers”

At Kent State University 4 unarmed college students were killed by the National Guard on May 4, The students were protesting the invasion of Cambodia. Kent, Ohio

The picture below and the “Ohio” protest song influenced the anti-war movement.

A protest song written by Neil Young. Tin soldiers and Nixon coming, We're finally on our own, This summer I hear the drumming, Four dead in Ohio. Gotta get down to it Soldiers are cutting us down Should have been done long ago. What if you knew her And found her dead on the ground How can you run when you know?

Woodstock (Ang Lee movie: Taking Woodstock) Music Hippies

The “baby boomer” generation Subculture – Counterculture Rejection of “mainstream” Drugs: marijuana & LSD (psychedelic) Exploring new religions

Unlike the Civil Rights movement, the Anti-war movement did not achieve its goals. Many students and young people stopped protesting and returned to work and school, though the war remained unpopular among people However, the culture of America was profoundly affected by the events of the 60s and 70s.

America eventually lost the war with the fall of Saigon.

3 to 4 million Vietnamese from both sides, (3- 4,000,000) between 1.5 to 2 million Laotians and Cambodians, and 58,159 U.S. soldiers

Vietnam War movies: The Deer Hunter Born on the Fourth of July Platoon 60’s – 70’s Counterculture movies: Easy Rider Hair