BS371 Drugs in Sport Anna Wittekind

In the news…since last year Operacion Puerto Top riders suspended from 2006 Tour de France Spanish police raid on Spanish Doctor ‘Fuentes’ –Anabolic steroids, frozen blood, transfusion equipment Possession of list of >50 riders

In the news… Floyd Landis +ve for testosterone stage 17 TdF 2006 Guilty US arbitration panel Oscar Pereiro named winner

And this year TdF… Rasmussen sacked by Rabobank; Vinoukirov – blood doping Moreni and Sinkewitz (testosterone)

In the news… Christine Ohuruogu Bans for missing 3 out-of-competition tests May also face ban competing Olympics for GB

In the news… Ian Thorpe AUS, 5x Olympic Champion Cleared Gary Player claims golfers taking drugs Major tours to start testing 2008

In the news… Marion Jones 5 x Gold medals, Sydney Olympics Pleaded guilty to lying re. steriod abuse before 2000 (and after) Coach (Trevor Graham) ‘flaxseed oil’ – steroid ‘the clear’ (Balco)

Lecture breakdown Introduction and assessment IOC List of Doping Classes Overview of all classes Detail –Stimulants –Anabolic steroids –Blood boosting Drug detection

Introduction What is doping? What is a drug? Chemical substances which interact with biological targets to alter the biochemical systems of the body - Mottram What is an ergogenic aid? application of a nutritional, physical, mechanical, psychologic, physiologic or pharmacologic procedure or aid to improve physical work capacity Why take drugs? Why test?

Brief (! or not) history Ancient Greeks used special diets, potions ‘Doping’ used as term for drugging racehorses 19thC - strychnine, caffeine, cocaine and alcohol IAAF banned doping, but no tests 1930’s development of synthetic hormones – used since 1950’s UCI and FIFA introduced tests Olympic Games (Mexico City) introduced tests reliable test for anabolic steroids 1970’s/80’s – state sponsored doping – GDR 1970’s blood doping – banned use of natural hormones Ben Johnson scandal EPO joined list but no test until Sydney Tour de France – ‘Festina Affair’ WADA World Anti-doping Code THG (Tetrahydrogestrione) – Balco scandal TdF Operacion Puerto

Drugs and Targets Drug ideally interacts with single target to produce effect; But Varying degree of side-effects depending on extent to which interact with sites other than primary target Aim is maximum selectivity Most drugs interact with receptors DRUG-RECEPTOR COMPLEX BIOCHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION WITHIN CELLS DRUG + RECEPTOR EFFECT

Assessment Web page discussing use of one ‘performance- enhancing’ substance/method in sport Can cover –Overview of the drug/ergogenic aid; –Purported mechanism of action; –Evidence that improves performance from one recent original scientific paper – critical appraisal. –Links to external websites (usefulness/reliability required) –Tables, graphs, figures in order to make the website visually interesting to the reader. –detection and frequency of illegal use (if an illegal drug) –optimum dosage for best performance in different sports (if ergogenic aid)

Assessment E.g. Banned – EPO, testosterone, nandrolone, ephedrine Legal – caffeine, echinacea, colostrum, glycerol Look in Journals, Pubmed etc.

ama.org/en/prohibitedlist.ch2 World Anti-Doping Code 2007 Prohibited List Substances and methods prohibited at all times –Anabolic agents –Hormones & related substances –β2-agonists –Agents with anti-estrogenic activity –Diuretics and other masking agents –Enhancement of oxygen transfer –Chemical and Physical manipulation –Gene doping Substances and Methods in- competition –Stimulants –Narcotics –Cannabinoids –Glucocorticosteroids Substances prohibited in particular sports –Alcohol –Beta-blockers

WADA Anti-Doping Code Specified substances –particularly susceptible to unintentional anti-doping rule violations due to general availability in medicinal products or which are less likely to be successfully abused as doping agents – may result in reduced sanction if athlete can establish that was not intended to enhance sport performance eg. Cannabinoids, alcohol Monitoring program –substances not on prohibited list but are monitored to detect patterns of misuse in sport –Eg. Caffeine, pseudoephedrine

Therapeutic Use Exemption (TUE) What is it? Criteria –The athlete would experience significant health problems without taking the prohibited substance or method; –The therapeutic use of the substance would not produce significant enhancement of performance; and –There is no reasonable therapeutic alternative to the use of the otherwise prohibited substance or method. Standard vs Abbreviated TUE

Incidence in sport

Incidence in Sport Most frequent cases in: –Athletics Stimulants, anabolic agents, non-compliance –Power/weight lifting Anabolic agents –Football Stimulants and Marijuana –Rugby Stimulants and anabolic agents –Cycling Stimulants and anabolic agents –Equestrian racing Stimulants, Diuretics

UK Sport Country’s National Anti-doping organisation –Coordinates testing program –Quarterly reports on website 100% me – –Drug Information Database