Organic Chemistry & Biochemistry Vocabulary Words Mrs. Lee

2 Organic Compounds  They are complex molecules made by organisms containing carbon as their “backbone” & usually hydrogen. –Carbohydrates –Proteins –Lipids –Nucleic acids  The ability of carbon to bond to other elements, & to allow different arrangements of atoms contributes to the diversity of carbon compounds.  Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus & sulfur (CHNOPS) make up about 99% of the mass of all living organisms

3 Organic Compounds (continued)

4 Hydrocarbons  They are molecules composed of hydrogen & carbon.  They are important because they are the backbones of other organic compounds

5 Hydrocarbons (continued)

6 Amino Acids  They are the building blocks of proteins.  There are 20 different amino acids but they all have the same basic “backbone” structure.

7 Amino Acids: (continued)

8 Proteins  They are long chains of amino acid units that are the main molecules from which living things are constructed  They have many functions in the body: –Structural components –Transport aids –Enzymes –Cell signals –Etc.

9 Proteins (continued)

10 Proteins (continued)

11 Lipids  They are organic molecules used to form cellular & organelle membranes, the sheaths surrounding nerve fibers, & certain hormones  They include fats, a long-term energy source  They are insoluable in water (repel water)  Examples: oils, butter, lard, etc.  They are not as easily metabolized as carbohydrates, yet they are a more effective means of storage. Example: 1 gram of fat provides 2 times the energy of 1 gram of carbohydrate

12 Lipids (continued)

13 Carbohydrates  The primary energy source for living things  Composed of: carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen  Serve as energy sources & provide structural support, as in the cell wall of plants  Member of a large class of chemical compounds that includes sugars, starches, cellulose & related compounds  They are produced naturally by green plants from carbon dioxide & water  As essential nutrients, they are the human body’s main source of both quick & sustained energy

14 Carbohydrates: i.e. -- Glucose

15 Starch  It plays a vital role in the biochemistry of both plants & animals  It is made in green plants by photosynthesis & is one of the main forms in which plants store food  Animals obtain starch from plants & store it as glycogen  Both plants & animals convert starch to glucose when energy is needed

16 Starch (continued): i.e. --Amylose

17 Nucleic Acids  They are large molecules comprised of nucleotides that carry the genetic code  They are found in the nucleus of the cell  Specifically they are: –DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) –RNA (ribonucleic acid)

18 Nucleic Acids (continued): DNA

19 Nucleic Acids (continued): RNA

20 Nucleotide  The unit that makes up nucleic acid  Contains a nitrogen base, a phosphate group & a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule  The 4 possible nucleotide bases for DNA are: –Adenine –Guanine –Cytosine –Thymine  The 4 possible nucleotide bases for RNA are: –Adenine –Guanine –Cytosine –Uracil

21 Nucleotide (continued)

22 Chemical Formula  A combination of chemical symbols & numbers to represent a substance

23 Chemical Formula (continued) 1)ButaneC 4 H 10 Used in portable lighters, home heating fuel, portable stoves & heaters 2)EthaneC2H6C2H6 Used to make ethyl alcohol, acetic acid, & other chemicals & also used as a refrigerant 3)MethaneCH 4 Used as a raw material for many synthetic products & as a major part of natural gas 4)PropaneC3H8C3H8 Use as a “bottled gas” for home heating, portable stoves & heaters & also as a refrigerant

24 Structural Formula  A formula that indicates the location of the atoms, groups, or ions relative to one another in a molecule & that indicates the number & location of chemical bonds

25 Structural Formula (continued)

26 The End

27 Bibliography  gif     n7/oldun3 n7/oldun3  spr03.html spr03.html    spioneers.org/hschool/teachers/pitts/bio/un7/old/un3/starch.gif

28 Bibliography (continued)   opylene/structuresformalasandpictures.html opylene/structuresformalasandpictures.html  7.html 7.html    s s 