End Show Slide 1 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology

End Show Slide 2 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2–3 Carbon Compounds

End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 3 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Chemistry of Carbon Organic chemistry is the study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms.

End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 4 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Macromolecules Macromolecules are formed by a process known as polymerization. Monomers— individual molecules, building blocks of polymers Polymers– large molecules made up of many monomers.

End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 5 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Macromolecules Four groups of organic compounds found in living things are: carbohydrates lipids nucleic acids proteins

End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 6 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Carbohydrates What is the function of carbohydrates? Source of Energy Structure

End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 7 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, usually in a ratio of 1 : 2 : 1.

End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 8 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Carbohydrates Different sizes of carbohydrates: Monosaccharides—Single sugar molecule, it is the monomer that builds carbohydrates Disaccharides- 2 sugar molecules Polysaccharides-many sugar molecules bonded to form a carbohydrate chain

End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 9 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Carbohydrates Starches and sugars are examples of carbohydrates that are used by living things as a source of energy. Glucose Starch Examples: Cellulose Starch Glycogen

End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 10 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Lipids Lipids are generally not soluble in water. The common categories of lipids are: fats oils waxes steroids

End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 11 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Lipids Lipids can be used to store energy. Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings.

End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 12 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Lipids

End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 13 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are polymers assembled from individual monomers known as nucleotides.

End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 14 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids Nucleotides consist of three parts: a 5-carbon sugar a phosphate group a nitrogenous base

End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 15 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information. ribonucleic acid (RNA) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 16 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Proteins Proteins are macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. polymers of molecules called amino acids.

End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 17 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Proteins Amino acids

End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 18 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Proteins The portion of each amino acid that is different is a side chain called an R-group.

End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 19 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Proteins The instructions for arranging amino acids into many different proteins are stored in DNA. Amino Acids Protein Molecule

End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 20 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Proteins Some functions of proteins: –Control rate of reactions – Enzymes –Used to form bones and muscles –Transport substances into or out of cells –Help to fight disease - antibodies

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