OASIS Trust Elevation Elevate Trust in Electronic Identities Gershon Janssen, Member OASIS Trust Elevation TC

2 Trust Elevation: Elevate the trust in an electronic identity presented for authentication purposes.

3 Why are we doing this work? Few consumers have high LOA-credentials. More organizations look to implement systems that require authentication at higher Levels of Assurance When dealing with consumers and citizens, there is a clear need for dynamic authentication: a customer should only be asked to do multi-factor authentication when they want to do “a high value transaction”, not as a prerequisite to visiting a website. As a result of this there is an increased interest in transaction-based assurance: “authentication” based on the necessary current conditions of specified, validated attributes and agreements. New real world solutions seem to require the use of a step-up approach to multi-factor authentication.

4 Why are we doing this work? Recommendations by the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (FFIEC) and the highly publicized breaches in 2011 have made trust elevation a more urgent topic. Responding to suggestions from the public sector, including the U.S. National Strategy for Trusted Identities in Cyberspace (NSTIC).

5 Goal OASIS Trust Elevation TC The OASIS Trust Elevation TC’s goal is: to define a set of methods or standardized protocols that service providers may use to elevate the trust in an electronic identity presented to them for authentication purposes.

6 Approach Phase I: Catalog of Trust Elevation Methods Short: conduct a survey of methods of trust elevation and creating a taxonomy of five method factors Create a comprehensive list of methods being used currently to authenticate identities online to the degree necessary to transact business where material amounts of economic value or personally identifiable data are involved. Status: phase is completed – Committee Note pending publication

7 Approach Phase II: Analysis of Trust Elevation Methods Short: an analysis of the methods, which methods counter which threats and are complimentary, etc. Analysis of identified methods to determine their ability to provide a service provider with assurance of the submitter's identity sufficient for elevation between each pair of assurance levels, to transact business where material amounts of economic value or personally identifiable data are involved. Status: phase starting up

8 Approach Phase III: Establish Trust Elevation Protocol Short: propose a protocol Establish an "Electronic Identity Credential Trust Elevation Methods Protocol“ that recommends particular methods as satisfying defined levels of assurance for elevating trust in an electronic identity credential to assure the submitter's identity sufficiently to support elevation between each pair of assurance levels to transact business where material amounts of economic value or personally identifiable data are involved. Status: phase planned

9 Definition of Trust Elevation Trust elevation: Increasing the strength of trust by adding factors from the same or different categories of trust elevation methods that don’t have the same vulnerabilities. There are five categories of trust elevation methods: who you are, what you know, what you have, what you typically do and the context. What you typically do consists of behavioral habits that are independent of physical biometric attributes. Context includes, but is not limited to, location, time, party, prior relationship, social relationship and source. Elevation can be within the classic four NIST and ISO/ITU-T levels of assurance or across levels of assurance.

10 Categories of Trust Elevation Methods Who you are – biometrics, behavioral attributes What you know – shared secrets, public and relationship knowledge What you have – devices, tokens - hard, soft, OTP What you typically do – described by ITU-T x1254 – behavioral habits that are independent of physical biometric attributes Context – e.g. location, time, party, prior relationship, social relationship and source

11 Levels of Assurance Classic four NIST and ISO/ITU-T levels of assurance showing Trust Elevation Paths between Levels of Assurance

12 Trust Elevation Method List Methods sorted by trust elevation method category What you are – Biometric -- use of distinctive measurements about your physical body and or your behavior that are unique Physical Biometric – considered immutable and unique – Facial recognition – Iris Scan – Retinal Scan – Fingerprint Palm Scan – Voice – Liveliness biometric factors include: » Pulse. » CAPTCHA; » Temperature. Behavioral Biometric -- person’s physical behavioral activity patterns – Keyboard signature – Voice

13 Trust Elevation Method List What you know – User Name and Password (UN/PW) – Knowledge Based Authentication (KBA) User is asked one or more (sometimes 3 to 5) challenge questions User-data procured at enrollment time Static KBA – Questions and answers that do not change Dynamic KBA – questions that are user-specific and/or change over time and/or the answers to the questions change over time (e.g., asking the value of the customer’s last VISA transaction)

14 Trust Elevation Method List What you have – End Point Identity Landline number; Mobile phone number and or SIM and or OS; IP address, router, provider; Cookie, OS, browser, chip. – Token Hardware tokens – Proprietary tokens – USB tokens – Smart Cards – Mobile phone and or SIM. Software tokens – Digital certificates – Cookies

15 Trust Elevation Method List What you have – Out of Band User calls service provider from a registered phone; Response to a phone call from the service provider; Response to an from the service provider; Response to an SMS message from the service provider; Response to a mobile application transaction initiated by the service provider; Response to a post card; Response to a letter, registered or otherwise. – One Time Password (OTP) ; Mobile phone voice message; Mobile phone SMS message; Mobile phone application; Landline voice message; Mail (postcard, letter, registered mail, etc.); Proprietary hardware token with password generation capability.

16 Trust Elevation Method List What You Typically Do -- an individual’s repeated behaviors or behavioral habits – Browsing patterns (order in which pages are accessed, duration of access, links accessed, etc.); – Time of access; – Type of access, etc.

17 Trust Elevation Method List Context -- attributes relevant to the user or situation – Location; – Time of access; – Frequency of access; – Party; – Prior relationship ; – Social relationship; – Source and endpoint identity attributes such as Date of last virus scan IP address Subscriber identity module (SIM) Device basic input/ouput system (BIOS) Virus scan software version CallerID Cookie (presence and or contents); – Multi-channel combination; – Credential lifecycle attributes; – Certificate binding and or other chain of trust attributes; – Secure device with user specific disk allocation.

18 Method Examples (Use Cases) Reuse of Primary Authenticator Method Example Customer Retention Method Example Cloud Access Method Example Static KBA Method Example Session Elevation to Level of Identity Proofing Method Example Hub Provider of Pseudonymous Identity Method Example Step-Up Authorization Method Example Multi-channel by Phone Method Example Generic KBA Method Example Address Verification Service Method Example Split Large (Risky) Transactions into Multiple Smaller Transactions Method Example Use of Tokenized Device/Network Attributes Method Example Trust Elevation by Hard Token (OTP Generator) Method Example Multi-Attribute-Based Trust Elevation Service Method Example (AKA Fraud Detection) Emergency Access to Patient Healthcare Information – a European Method Example

19 Resources OASIS Trust-El Technical Committee Homepage