Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology SIXTH EDITION Frederic H. Martini PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii Chapter 16, part 2 Neural Integration II: The Autonomic Nervous System and Higher Order Functions
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 16-3 The Parasympathetic Division
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Preganglionic neurons in the brainstem and sacral segments of spinal cord Ganglionic neurons in peripheral ganglia located within or near target organs Parasympathetic division
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16.7 Figure 16.7 The Organization of the Parasympathetic Division of the ANS
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Preganglionic fibers leave the brain as cranial nerves III, VI, IX, X Sacral neurons form the pelvic nerves Organization and anatomy of the parasympathetic division
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16.8 Figure 16.8 The Distribution of Parasympathetic Innervation
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Effects produced by the parasympathetic division relaxation food processing energy absorption Parasympathetic activation
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings All parasympathetic fibers release ACh Short-lived response as ACH is broken down by AChE and tissue cholinesterase Postsynaptic membranes have two kinds of receptors Muscarinic Nicotinic Neurotransmitters and parasympathetic functions
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 16-4 Interactions Between the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sympathetic Widespread influence on visceral and somatic structures Parasympathetic Innervates only visceral structures serviced by cranial nerves or lying within the abdominopelvic cavity Dual innervation = organs that receive input from both systems Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems intermingle to form autonomic plexuses Cardiac plexus Pulmonary plexus Esophageal plexus Celiac plexus Inferior mesenteric plexus Hypogastric plexus Anatomy of dual innervation
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16.9 The Autonomic Plexuses Figure 16.9
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important physiological and functional differences exist Comparison of the two divisions
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure Figure Summary: The Anatomical Differences between the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 16-5 Integration and Control of Autonomic Functions
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Visceral reflex arcs are the simplest function of the ANS Long reflexes (interneurons) Short reflexes (bypassing CNS) Parasympathetic reflexes govern respiration, cardiovascular function and other visceral activities Visceral reflexes
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure Visceral Reflexes Figure 16.11
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Activity in the ANS is controlled by centers in the brainstem that deal with visceral functioning Higher levels of autonomic control
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure Levels of Autonomic Control Figure 16.12
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Integration occurs at the brainstem and higher centers SNS and ANS organized in parallel
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure Figure A Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Function
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 16-6 High Order Functions
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Are performed by the cerebral cortex and involve complex interactions Involve conscious and unconscious information processing Are subject to modification and adjustment over time Higher order functions
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Short term or long term Memory consolidation is moving from short term to long term Amnesia is the loss of memory due to disease or trauma Memory
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure Memory Storage Figure 16.14
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Deep sleep, the body relaxes and cerebral cortex activity is low REM sleep active dreaming occurs The reticular activating system (RAS) is important to arousal and maintenance of consciousness Consciousness
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure The Reticular Activating System Figure 16.16
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 16-7 Brain Chemistry and Behavior
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neurotransmitters and brain function Changes in balance between neurotransmitters can profoundly alter brain function Personality and self-awareness Characteristics of the brain as an integrated system rather than one specific component Neurotransmitters and the brain
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 16-8 Aging and the Nervous System
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Reduction in brain size and weight Reduction in the number of neurons Decrease in blood flow to the brain Changes in synaptic organization of the brain Intracellular and extracellular changes in CNS neurons Age-related changes
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings You should now be familiar with: The organization of the autonomic nervous system. The structures and functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS. The mechanisms of neurotransmitter release in the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic neurotransmitters on target organs and tissues. The hierarchy of interacting levels of control in the ANS. How memories are created, stored and recalled. The effects of aging on the nervous system.