© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Chapter 3 Sensation and Perception

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 3-2 MODULE 8 - Sensing the World Around Us What is sensation, and how do psychologists study it? What is the relationship between a physical stimulus and the kinds of sensory responses that result from it?

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 3-3 Introduction Sensation: Activation of the sense organs by a source of physical energy Perception: Sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli Carried out by the sense organs and brain

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 3-4 Introduction Stimulus: Energy that produces a response in a sense organ Psychophysics: Study of the relationship between: Physical aspects of stimuli and our psychological experience of them

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 3-5 Absolute Thresholds: Detecting What’s Out There Absolute threshold: Smallest intensity of a stimulus that must be present for it to be detected Noise - Background stimulation that interferes with the perception of other stimuli

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 3-6 Difference Thresholds: Noticing Distinctions Between Stimuli Difference threshold: Smallest level of added or reduced stimulation Required to sense that a change in stimulation has occurred Just noticeable difference Weber’s law: Just noticeable difference is a constant proportion of the intensity of an initial stimulus

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 3-7 Sensory Adaptation: Turning Down Our Responses Adaptation: An adjustment in sensory capacity after prolonged exposure to unchanging stimuli Decline in sensitivity to sensory stimuli Inability of the sensory nerve receptors to fire off messages to the brain indefinitely

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 3-8 MODULE 9 - Vision: Shedding Light on the Eye What basic processes underlie the sense of vision? How do we see colors?

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 3-9 Figure 1 - The Visible Spectrum

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part Illuminating the Structure of the Eye Cornea - Protects eye and refracts light Pupil - Opening depends on amount of light in environment Iris - Colored part of eye Lens - Accommodation

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part Figure 3 - Basic Cells of the Eye

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part Illuminating the Structure of the Eye Reaching the retina Light is converted to electrical impulses for transmission to the brain Rods: Receptor cells sensitive to light Cones Responsible for sharp focus and color perception Concentrated in the fovea Rods and cones are involved in dark adaptation Peripheral vision Seeing objects that are outside the main center of focus

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part Illuminating the Structure of the Eye When light strikes the retina: Stimulation of the nerve cells triggers a neural response Reaches the rods Receive information directly from the rods and cones Bipolar cells Collect and summarize visual information Ganglion cells Carries visual information to the brain Optic nerve

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part Illuminating the Structure of the Eye Processing the visual message Takes place in the visual cortex of the brain Feature detection: Activation of neurons in the cortex by visual stimuli of specific shapes

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part Color Vision and Color Blindness: The Seven-Million-Color Spectrum Explaining color vision Trichromatic theory of color vision There are three kinds of cones in the retina Each responds to a specific range of wavelengths Afterimage - Occurs because activity in the retina continues even when you are no longer staring at the original picture

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part Color Vision and Color Blindness: The Seven-Million-Color Spectrum Opponent-process theory of color vision Receptor cells are linked in pairs, working in opposition to each other

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part MODULE 10 - Hearing and the Other Senses What role does the ear play in the senses of sound, motion, and balance? How do smell and taste function? What are the skin senses, and how do they relate to the experience of pain?

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part Sensing Sound Sound: Movement of air molecules brought about by a source of vibration Eardrum: Part of the ear that vibrates when sound waves hit it Middle ear Hammer, anvil, stirrup Inner ear Cochlea: Vibrates in response to sound Basilar membrane: Contains sense receptors

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part Figure 1 - The Ear

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part Sensing Sound The physical aspects of sound Frequency - Number of wave cycles that occur in a second Pitch - Makes sound seem “high” or “low” Amplitude - Wave patterns that help in distinguishing loud and soft sounds Decibels - Range between the strongest and weakest sounds that can be heard

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part Sensing Sound Sorting out theories of sound Place theory of hearing: Different areas of the basilar membrane respond to different frequencies Frequency theory of hearing: Entire basilar membrane vibrates as a whole in response to a sound

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part Sensing Sound Balance: The Ups and Downs of Life Vestibular system Semicircular canals Main structure of vestibular system Three tubes containing fluid that: Sloshes through them when the head moves, signaling rotational or angular movement to the brain Otoliths Sense forward, backward, or up-and-down motion, as well as the pull of gravity

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part Smell Olfaction Sense of smell is sparked when the molecules of a substance enter the nasal passages Olfactory cells - Receptor neurons of the nose Pheromones - Chemicals secreted into the environment Produce a reaction in other members of the same species

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part Taste Gustation - Sense of taste Taste qualities Sweet Sour Salty Bitter “Umami” Taste buds Supertasters - Sensitive to taste Nontasters - Insensitive to taste

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part The Skin Senses: Touch, Pressure, Temperature, and Pain Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome stimulus as mild as a gentle breeze triggers intense pain Skin senses: Touch, pressure, temperature, and pain

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part The Skin Senses: Touch, Pressure, Temperature, and Pain Substance P - Transmits pain messages to the brain Gate-control theory of pain - Nerve receptors in the spinal cord: Lead to specific areas of the brain related to pain

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part How Our Senses Interact Synesthesia - Exposure to one sensation evokes an additional one Multimodal perception - Brain collects the information from the individual sensory systems: Integrates and coordinates the information

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part MODULE 11 - Perceptual Organization: Constructing Our View of the World What principles underlie our organization of the visual world and allow us to make sense of our environment? How are we able to perceive the world in three dimensions when our retinas are capable of sensing only two-dimensional images? What clues do visual illusions give us about our understanding of general perceptual mechanisms?

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part The Gestalt Laws of Organization Describe how we organize bits and pieces of information into meaningful wholes

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part Figure 2 - Organizing Various Pieces of Information into Meaningful Wholes

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processing Top-down processing: Perception is guided by: Higher-level knowledge Experience Expectations Motivations Bottom-up processing: Progression of recognizing and processing information from: Individual components of a stimuli and moving to the perception of the whole

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part Depth Perception Ability to view the world in three dimensions and to perceive distance Binocular disparity - Images seen by the left eye and the right eye

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part Depth Perception Monocular cues - Permit us to obtain a sense of depth and distance with just one eye Motion parallax Relative size Texture gradient Linear perspective

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part Perceptual Constancy Physical objects are perceived as unvarying and consistent despite: Changes in their appearance or in the physical environment

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part Motion Perception: As the World Turns Cues about perception of motion Movement of an object across the retina is perceived relative to some stable background Movement of images across the retina

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part Motion Perception: As the World Turns Factor information about our own: Head and eye movements Information about changes in the retinal image Apparent movement - Perception that a stationary object is moving

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part Perceptual Illusions: The Deceptions of Perceptions Visual illusions: Physical stimuli that consistently produce errors in perception Cultural differences are reflected in depth perception

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part Figure 6 - Müller-Lyer Illusion

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part Subliminal Perception Perception of messages about which we have no awareness Called priming by some sociologists Stimulus could be a: Written word Sound Smell

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part Extrasensory Perception (ESP) Perception that does not involve our known senses Psychologists reject the existence of ESP Assert that there is no sound documentation of the phenomenon Psychological bulletin “Anomalous process of information transfer” or psi