* 호르몬과 표적기관 calcitonin : C 세포에서 분비 Ca 저하 GHIH PRIH GHRH(GH) GnRH(CH,FSH) TRH(TSH) CRH(ACTH) T 3 /T 4  뼈에서 유리 신장 재흡수 glucocorticoid aldosterone Physiological.

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* 호르몬과 표적기관 calcitonin : C 세포에서 분비 Ca 저하 GHIH PRIH GHRH(GH) GnRH(CH,FSH) TRH(TSH) CRH(ACTH) T 3 /T 4  뼈에서 유리 신장 재흡수 glucocorticoid aldosterone Physiological information cascade

* Cellular signal transduction Tf 인산화

Signal Transduction  Hormones, growth factors, stresses 등과 같은 많은 세포외적 자 극을 수용하여 이러한 자극들을 인지 하고 세포 내로 전달하여야 한다. 이 러한 일련의 과정을 signal transduction 이라고 한다.

 Steroid hormone  Carrier 에 의해 표적세포까지 이동  carrier 해리  단순수송  intracellular receptor  핵공 통과  DNA 결합  전사조절 Intracellular Receptor

 Hydrophilic molecule  Cell surface receptor mediate signaling  Ion channel-linked receptor; transmitter-gated ion channel  G-protein-linked receptor ; cAMP pathway, Ca 2+ pathway  Enzyme-linked receptor; cytoplasmic domain functions as an enzyme Cell Surface Receptor

 Seven-folded membrane protein  신호분자의 결합으로 trimeric GTP-binding protein 활성화  Trimeric G-protein 의 작동양식  구성 ; α chain ; GTP 결합, 분해 β/γ ; tight complex, γ 의 prenyl group 매개로 부착  G trimer - GDP  GTP  βγ 해리  α 의 활성화, βγ 도, target protein 과 상호 작용 G protein coupled Receptor

Protein Kinase A (cAMP) CREB: CRE binding protein

Protein Kinase C (Ca 2+ ) Phospholipase C 는원형질막의 phosphatidylinositol 2-phosphate(PIP2) 를 diacylglycerol(DAG) 와 inositoltriphosphate(IP3) 로 분해한다 IP3 는 세포질로 이동한 후 소포체의 외막에 있는 칼슘 통로에 결합하여 이들을 열 리게 한다. 칼슘이온이 세 포질로 이동하여 칼슘농도 를 증가시킨다 Serine/threonine protein kinase (PKC) 활성화 ; Ca 2+ 의존성 ( 세포질  세포막 )

 Receptor tyrosine kinases (TKs or RTKs) phosphorylate specific tyrosines on a small set of intracellular signaling proteins.  ligand binding 에 의한 dimerization  autophosphorylation  신호반응의 종결  Protein tyrosine phosphatase 에 의한 탈인산화 반응  Receptor 의 endocytosis 로 lysosome 에서 분해 EGF, VEGF, M-CSF PDGF, HGF, IGF-1 FGF, NGF Insulin Receptor Tyrosine Kinase

IRS-1IRS-2 IR ㅑㅜㅑㅜ PI 3 K Akt Shc MAPKs Cell proliferation NIK TNFα TRADD TNFR TRAF2 IKK NF-κB Inflammation IL-1 IL-1R TRAF6 IRAK Cyclin D/E Cell cycle mTOR S6K 4E-BP S6protein Protein synthesis GSK3 GS Glycogen synthesis ChREBP Glucose uptake Glut4 translocation Glycolysis FA synthesis Glucagon Epinephrine SREBP 1 FA synthesis FAS, ACC SREBP 2 Cholesterol synthesis HMG-CoA reductase Squalene synthase Fasting SIRT1 (NAD) AMPK (AMP) G protein ATP cAMP PKA CREB PGC-1α FOXOHNF-4 Gluconeogenesis PEPCKG6Pase Insulin Biosignaling in inflammation and metabolism

IR Radiation DNA Double strand braking Extensive Single DNA Bulky DNA lesion, DNA Excision Repair Single strand breaks ATMATR Activity ▲ Translocation p53 P Chk2 P Translocation p21 Cyclin E CDK2 G1-PhaseS-Phase Cyclin A CDK2 Chk1 P cdc25 Cyclin B Cdc2 (CDK1) Cdc2 (CDK1) G2-PhaseM-Phase RBE2F G1-S phase Cell cycle progress RBE2F P p53 mdm2 Wee1 P BRCA1 P Recombinational Repair Ku DNA-PK DNA 절단 말단 결합 Wip1 DNA damage signaling and cell cycle