An Introduction to SCORE Musical Information 1B An Introduction to SCORE Music 253/CS 275A Stanford University

2015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field The Graphics Domain Sound “Logical work” Notation CS 275A/Music 253 2015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field

The Graphics Domain Sound “Logical work” Notation Sound dominated by time Notation dominated by space “Logical work” Notation CS 275A/Music 253 2015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field

The Graphics Domain: Basic Principles Pitch Duration Height on a staff Pitch inflection Marks (#, B, etc) Pitch articulation Marks (staccato, tr) Assembly of objects: Noteheads Stems and flags Beams Slurs Value inferred from combinations of objects CS 275A/Music 253 2015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field

SCORE’s approach to the note Musical Information 1B SCORE’s approach to the note Flag Stem Notehead (Notehead shape) CS 275A/Music 253 2015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field

SCORE’s approach to systems Data-entry order Encode lowest voice Encode other voices on first system Repeat until all systems are encoded Assemble page(s) 5 4 3 2 1 CS 275A/Music 253 2015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field

Part/score orientation in SCORE Process Encode lowest voice Encode other voices on first system Repeat until all systems are encoded Assemble page Implications: Content must be known in advance CS 275A/Music 253 2015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field

SCORE input/editing system ASCII (computer keyboard) input (next slide) Parametric editing CS 275A/Music 253 2015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field

2015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field SCORE input order Pitch Pitch (names) Rhythm (names) Marks Beams (positions) Slurs (positions) Height on a staff Pitch inflection Marks (#, B, etc) Pitch articulation Marks (staccato, tr) Duration Assembly of objects: Noteheads (filled or not) Stems and flags Beams Slurs Value inferred from combinations of objects CS 275A/Music 253 2015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field

Musical features of one note (SCORE) Musical Information 1B Musical features of one note (SCORE) Pitch (names) Rhythm (names) Marks Beams (positions) Slurs (positions) A molecule of music Features (mainly contextual) of one note Musical data differs from other kinds of data in its peculiar skew of one-to-many relationships. One «note» is a clever visual shorthand for many features pertinent to a single sound. We could say there is a 1:1 ratio between a single sounding event and a single musical pitch/duration pair. When contextual information is factored in, the complexity of a single note increases. CS 275A/Music 253 2015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field

Object groups: (#4) beams Beam 2 (flag) Object nos. 1 2 3 CS 275A/Music 253 2015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field

Object groups: (#4) slurs Beams vary by Length Inclination Slurs vary by Inversion Apex (nadir) of arc (in relation to midpoint) CS 275A/Music 253 2015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field

2015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field Object groups: slurs Beams vary by Length Inclination Slurs vary by Inversion Apex (nadir) of arc (in relation to midpoint) CS 275A/Music 253 2015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field

SCORE’s imaginary grid Slurs vary by Length Inclination Inversion Apex (nadir) of arc (in relation to midpoint) CS 275A/Music 253 2015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field

SCORE’s imaginary grid Slurs vary by Length Inclination Inversion Apex (nadir) of arc (in relation to midpoint) Arbitrary musical curve Bezier curve CS 275A/Music 253 2015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field

Symbolic codes: DARMS and SCORE Columbia/Princeton/Yale Theoretically for notation One-pass input scheme Required intermediate representation for score assembly Note Processor (c.1986-92): only commercial program to use it [on PCs] Legacy = analysis SCORE (1972) Stanford/Bell Labs Actually for notation Five-pass input scheme Required intermediate representation for score assembly SCORE (1972--): only commercial notation program to use it Legacy = collected works of major composers CS 275A/Music 253 2015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field

2015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field SCORE: A Brief History Who? Leland Smith (1925-2013) Where? Stanford/CCMRA/Palo Alto Goal? engraving-quality music Method? ASCII input, screen editing Users? Big music publishers— Schott (DE) Peters (DE) Ricordi (IT) Hal Leonard (US) CCRMA pre-history c. 1974 John Chowning Photo: Patti Wood CS 275A/Music 253 2015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field

Symbolic vs. MIDI-based notation SCORE-type program Pitch: reliable Duration: reliable MIDI playback: [partial] File import: ? Export: limited System, score assembly: manual Extensible symbol set: yes Finale-type program Pitch: not always reliable Duration: not always reliable MIDI playback: yes File import: MIDI, MusicXML, SCORE Export: MusicXML Score assembly: automatic Extensible symbol set: partial CS 275A/Music 253 2015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field