Major Plant Groups

Group 1: Seedless, Nonvascular Plants Live in moist environments Need water to reproduce Grow low to ground (nonvascular) Lack true leaves Common pioneer species Gametophyte most common (dominant) Ex: Mosses, liverworts, hornworts

Group 2: Seedless, Vascular Plants Vascular system Taller growth Nutrient transportation Live in moist environments swimming sperm Has primitive roots called rhizoids Gametophyte stage Called Prothallus Creates egg and sperm Sporophyte stage Leaves called “Fronds” Spores created on underside in clusters called “sori” Ex: Ferns, Club mosses, Horsetails

Fern Frond

Underside of frond

Group 3: Seed producing, Vascular Plants Type 1: Gymnosperms Needle-like leaves (reduces water loss) Common to lumber industry Seeds enclosed in cones Male cones: produce pollen (sperm) Female cones: produce eggs Zygote hardens into seed (protected inside cones) Ex: Evergreen, Pine, Redwood, Cedar

Gymnosperm Life Cycle 1) Male and female seed cones grow on adult sporophytes Let’s zoom into the cones of this sporophyte tree. Male cones Female cone

2) Pollen (male gametophyte) released from the male seed cones. Female eggs become fertilized Zygote created inside the female cones Male cones make pollen Female cones make eggs zygote egg zygote egg zygote egg egg zygote

3) Seeds begin to harden inside the female cones

4) Seeds often spread by wind “wing” helps seeds spread greater distance

5) Seed will land ground

6) Seedling grows into (sporophyte)…the cycle repeats ground

Wind Wind Wind Seed Advantages 1) Seed plants don’t depend on water to reproduce Pollen spread by wind and animals 2) Embryo has…. Nourishment: Nutrients inside feed embryo Protection: Hard shell 3) Seeds allow for dispersal Carried by wind, water, animals Wind Wind Wind Some seeds have “wings” Some seeds are carried by wind Some seeds are carried by animals

Helicopter seeds http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0l3okbzCzFE

Group 4: Flowering Plants Angiosperms (flowering plants) Flower = reproductive structure Attract animals to help spread pollen Forms fruit to protect and spread seeds Seeds Grow inside the fruit Inside the seed 1. Embryo 2. Food supply

Seed Dispersal Fruit brightly colored Attracts animals Seeds pass through animals digestive system Seeds pooped in a new area to grow Fruit seeds in fox poop

Angiosperm Groups 2 groups: Based on seed type Cotyledon: embryonic leaf Two Categories: Monocots: embryo with 1 seed leaf Dicots: embryo with 2 seed leaves

Monocots vs. Dicots ehh Know this one ehh ehh Know this one

Apple Tree: Monocot or Dicot? 2 1 3 Net-like veins 4 5

Monocot or Dicot? 2 1 3 4 6 5

Monocot or Dicot?

Monocot or Dicot?

Monocot or Dicot? Veins run parallel

Monocot or Dicot? Veins run parallel

Monocot or Dicot? Veins branch outward

Angiosperm Life Spans Three Life Span Types: 1) Annuals 2) Biennials Seed grows… Produce flowers & seeds… Die 2) Biennials 1st year: Seed grows and stores food 2nd year: grows more… makes flowers & seeds… dies 3) Perennials Live for more than 2 years May take decades to grow fruit

Flowers Reproductive structure of angiosperms Sepals outer ring of leaves protection Petals Inner ring of leaves Brightly colored to attract pollinators Male and female organs found inside petals sepals

Tulip Pistil and Stamen female male

Lily Pistil and Stamen female male

Pistil and Stamen female male

Pistil and Stamen female male

Flowers Male Stamen Female Carpel/Pistil Anther: produces pollen (sperm) Female Carpel/Pistil Inner most part Ovary: within the base Contains eggs Grows into fruit when fertilized Stigma: sticky tip, collects pollen

Self-Pollination (own pollen fertilizes own egg) . . .

Cross-Pollination (pollen of one, fertilizes egg of another) . . .

Here is an apple tree….lets zoom into an individual flower. Angiosperm Life Cycle 1) Pollen sticks to animal or released into wind Here is an apple tree….lets zoom into an individual flower. 2) Insect flies away covered in pollen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Angiosperm Life Cycle 1) Pollen sticks to animal or released into wind 2) Insect flies away covered in pollen 3) Insect comes across another flower and spreads the pollen . . . . . . . . . . . .

Angiosperm Life Cycle 1) Pollen sticks to animal or released into wind 2) Insect flies away covered in pollen . 3) Insect comes across another flower and spreads the pollen 4) Pollen tube grows towards ovary

Angiosperm Life Cycle 1) Pollen sticks to animal or released into wind 2) Insect flies away covered in pollen . . 3) Insect comes across another flower and spreads the pollen 4) Pollen tube grows towards ovary 5) Nucleus travels down pollen tube to fertilize egg

Angiosperm Life Cycle . . ovary seed 1) Pollen sticks to animal or released into wind 2) Insect flies away covered in pollen . ovary 3) Insect comes across another flower and spreads the pollen seed . 4) Pollen tube grows towards ovary 5) Nucleus travels down pollen tube to fertilize egg 6) Zygote hardens into seed…flower starts to die

Angiosperm Life Cycle ovary 1) Pollen sticks to animal or released into wind 2) Insect flies away covered in pollen ovary 3) Insect comes across another flower and spreads the pollen 4) Pollen tube grows towards ovary 5) Nucleus travels down pollen tube to fertilize egg 6) Zygote hardens into seed…flower starts to die 7) Ovary grows into a fruit (seeds insides)

Angiosperm Life Cycle 1) Pollen sticks to animal or released into wind 2) Insect flies away covered in pollen 3) Insect comes across another flower and spreads the pollen 4) Pollen tube grows towards ovary 5) Nucleus travels down pollen tube to fertilize egg 6) Zygote hardens into seed…flower starts to die 7) Ovary grows into a fruit (seeds insides)

Angiosperm Life Cycle 1) Pollen sticks to animal or released into wind 2) Insect flies away covered in pollen 3) Insect comes across another flower and spreads the pollen 4) Pollen tube grows towards ovary 5) Nucleus travels down pollen tube to fertilize egg 6) Zygote hardens into seed…flower starts to die 7) Ovary grows into a fruit (seeds insides)

A few hours later… seed

Seedling begins to grow…

Years later….

HW: Bring a flower and leaf to school HW: Bring a flower and leaf to school. One with distinct male and female parts.