Quaternary Environments Pollen Analysis

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Presentation transcript:

Quaternary Environments Pollen Analysis

Pollen Analysis Millions of tons of organic material is dispersed into the atmosphere by flowering plants and cryptogams every year Sedimentation rate is important for fine resolution

Basis of Pollen Analysis Distinct morphology of pollen grains Produced in vast quantities by wind-pollinated plants Extremely resistant to decay Reflect natural vegetation

Pollen 10 – 150 microns Exine – Chemically resistant outer layer Morphology Shape Size Sculpturing Number of apertures

Treatment Hydrochloric Acid Sulfuric Acid Hydrofluoric Acid Acetic Anhydride Pollen Solution Lycopodium Control

Pollen Prep and Microscope Work

Pollen Morphology

Catchment Preservation sites Lakes Bogs Estuaries Alluvial deposits Marine sediments Glacial ice Archaeological sites Packrat middens Coprolites

Scale Basin size determines catchment area Based on dispersal distance Based on pollen productivity Different spatial and temporal scales of pollen change are driven by different processes

Lake Coring

Sediment Core

Other Factors that Affect Pollen Dispersal Fire Insect infestation Plant successional changes Season of pollination Interference by humans

Under and Over Represented Pollen Types

Dispersal Model

Problems Differential production Differential preservation Wind versus insect or animal pollinated Differential preservation Populus pollen disintegrates easily Number of pollen grains to count Greater than 200 Bioturbation

Biostratigraphic Zones Biostratigraphic Zone: "A biostratigraphic zone is defined solely by the fossils it contains, without reference to lithology, inferred environment, or concepts of time." Code of Stratigraphic Nomenclature. Bull.Amer.Assoc.Petrol.Geol. 45(5):645-665.

Vegetation versus Modern Pollen Hickory Oak Ash Elm

Callibration Compare pollen assemblages to known temperature and precipitation Develop transfer functions to reconstruct past climate

Pollen Diagram

Pollen Diagram from Carp Lake, Oregon

Temporal Reconstruction of Temperature and Precipitation

Spatial Reconstruction of Vegetation

Isochrones of Vegetation Migration

Altitudinal Changes in vegetation zones in the Eastern Cordillera of Columbia