Regents Biology

Glucose C 6 H C 6 H  6C H energy in ATP Cell respiration 6C H light energy  C 6 H Photosynthesis

Regents Biology Cellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energy ATP

Regents Biology CO 2 + H 2 O + heat fuel (carbohydrates) O2O2 “Burn fuels” to make energy combustion making heat energy by burning fuels in one step ATP ATP + CO 2 + H 2 O (+ heat) aerobic respiration making ATP energy (& some heat) by burning fuels in many small steps food (carbohydrates) O2O2

Regents Biology Energy needs of life  Animals are energy consumers  What do we need energy for?  synthesis (building for growth)  reproduction  active transport  movement  temperature control (making heat)

Regents Biology Where do we get energy?  Energy is stored in organic molecules  carbohydrates, fats, proteins  Animals eat these organic molecules  food  digest food to get  fuels for energy (ATP)  raw materials for building more molecules  carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids ATP

Regents Biology ATP What is energy in biology? Adenosine TriPhosphate

Regents Biology Harvesting energy stored in food  Cellular respiration  breaking down food to produce ATP  in mitochondria  using oxygen  “aerobic” respiration  usually digesting glucose  but could be other sugars, fats, or proteins C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 ATP6CO 2 6H 2 O  + ++ glucose + oxygen  energy + carbon + water dioxide O2O2 food ATP

Regents Biology Which of the following is a product of cell respiration? 1. ATP 2. Glucose 3. Oxygen 4. NADPH

Regents Biology Cell Respiration takes place in the 1. Chloroplast 2. Nucleus 3. Mitochondria 4. Rough ER

Regents Biology What do we need to transform chemical energy in food?  The “Furnace” for transfering energy  mitochondria  Fuel  food: carbohydrates, fats, proteins  Helpers  oxygen  enzymes  Product  ATP  Waste products  carbon dioxide  then used by plants  water O2O2 food ATP Make ATP! Make ATP! All I do all day… And no one even notices! enzymes CO 2 H2OH2O

Regents Biology Mitochondria are everywhere!! animal cells plant cells

Regents Biology Can’t store ATP  too unstable  only used in cell that produces it  only short term energy storage Using ATP to do work? A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second ATP ADP work Adenosine DiPhosphate Adenosine TriPhosphate

Regents Biology make energy A Body’s Energy Budget eat food synthesis (building) energy needed even at rest activity temperature control { growth reproduction repair { storage glycogen (animal starch) fat { ATP 1 2 3

Regents Biology Mitochondria Structure  Double membrane bound organelle  Contains its own DNA (different from nucleus’ DNA)  Matrix = jelly-like fluid  Cristae = folds of membrane within the mitochondria

Regents Biology Steps of Cellular Respiration 1. Glycolysis (Anaerobic – does not require oxygen) 2. Kreb’s Cycle (Aerobic- requires oxygen) 3. Electron Transport Chain (Aerobic)

Regents Biology

Which of the following processes requires oxygen? 1. Photosynthesis 2. Aerobic Respiration 3. Anaerobic Respiration 4. Glycolysis

Regents Biology Which of the following is NOT a stage of cell respiration? 1. Krebs Cycle 2. Calvin Cycle 3. Glycolysis 4. Electron Transport

Regents Biology The first step of respiration is 1. Glycolysis 2. Kreb Cycle 3. Calvin Cycle 4. Electron Transport Chain

Regents Biology Plants conduct which of the following processes? 1. Glycolysis 2. Photosynthesis only 3. Respiration only 4. Both Photosynthesis and respiration

Regents Biology Glycolysis takes place in the 1. Mitochondrial matrix 2. cytoplasm 3. Cell membrane 4. Cristae of mitochondria

Regents Biology

Step 1: Glycolysis  Takes place in cytoplasm  Anaerobic process- no oxygen required  Splits glucose into two 3-carbon molecules called pyruvate  REACTANTS (IN) = Glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+, and 4 ADP  PRODUCTS = 2 ADP, 2 NADH, 4 ATP, 2 Pyruvate  Net gain = 2 Pyruvate, 2 NADH and 2 ATP

Regents Biology

Step 2: Kreb’s Cycle  Takes place in matrix of mitochondria  Aerobic Process – will not happen without the presence of oxygen  Electron carriers NADH and FADH2 are produced from NAD and FAD  NADH and FADH2 go to the Electron Transport Chain to be used to make more ATP  Carbon Dioxide is released  2 ATP are produced

Regents Biology

Step 3: Electron Transport Chain  Takes place in cristae of mitochondria  Aerobic process – uses oxygen  Uses the NADH produced in Glycolysis & the Kreb’s Cycle  Uses the FADH2 produced in the Kreb’s Cycle  Produces 34 ATP!!!!  Water is released

Regents Biology

What if oxygen is missing?  No O 2 available = can’t carry out Kreb’s cycle or electron transport  Anaerobic respiration  = glycolysis followed by fermentation  alcohol fermentation-yeasts  lactic acid fermentation-bacteria & skeletal muscle  Cells must survive on 2 ATP/gluocse produced during Glycolysis  Repeating cycles of glycolysis & fermentation  large animals cannot survive O2O2 yeast bacteria

Regents Biology Anaerobic Respiration  Fermentation  alcohol fermentation  yeast  glucose  ATP + CO 2 + alcohol  make beer, wine, bread  lactic acid fermentation  bacteria, animals  glucose  ATP + lactic acid  bacteria make yogurt  animals feel muscle fatigue O2O2 Tastes good… but not enough energy for me! Fermentation does NOT produce ATP! It regenerates glycolysis’s reactant NAD + so that glycolysis can be repeated again & again while conditions are anaerobic.

Regents Biology Got the energy… Ask Questions!!