Carbohydrates. Carbohydrates serve a variety of functions Energy storage and food Structure and support Lubrication Protection Recognition and signaling.

Slides:

Advertisements

Similar presentations

Chapter 17: Carbohydrates

Advertisements

XXXI. Carbohydrates A.Overview Carbohydrates are the most abundant class of naturally occurring organic compounds. They make up 50% of the earth’s biomass.

(Chapter 7). - Overview - Classification and Structure of Carbohydrates : A) Isomers and epimers B) Enantiomers 1 st Lecture: Pages :

Carbohydrates Are the Largest Group of Biomolecules

Case Western Reserve University

Chapter 18 Carbohydrates. Goals Distinguish and describe mono, di, oligo, and polysaccharides Classify and name monosaccharides Know D aldose and ketose.

Carbohydrates What are they? –Sugars, starches & much more –Most abundant molecules on Earth –End products of photosynthesis.

Carbohydrates are the Largest Group of Biomolecules

Carbohydrates. 1. Energy source for plants and animals 2. Source of carbon in metabolic processes 3. Storage form of energy 4. Structural elements of.

Chapter 8 (part 1) Carbohydrates.

Carbohydrates Pratt and Cornely, Chapter 11. Objectives Recognize and draw particular carbohydrate structures Know general structural elements of cyclic.

CHAPTER 15 Carbohydrates. Where in the world do we find carbohydrates? Most abundant organic compound in nature Photosynthesis: plants make glucose using.

263 Chapter 23: Carbohydrates hydrates of carbon: general formula C n (H 2 O) n Plants: photosynthesis 6 CO H 2 O C 6 H 12 O O 2 Polymers:

1 Chapter 12 Outline 12.1 Monosaccharides - Aldose and ketose -Glyceraldehyde, Stereoisomers (Mirror image = enantiomer), D and L isomers of Glyceraldehyde.

1 Carbohydrates Chapter 27 Hein * Best * Pattison * Arena Colleen Kelley Chemistry Department Pima Community College © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Version.

LEHNINGER PRINCIPLES OF BIOCHEMISTRY

Lecture 1. Introduction about Biochemistry Biochemistry :- (from Greek : βίος, bios, "life") is the study of the chemical processes in living organisms.

Metabolism and Sugars 4/2/03. Carbohydrate and sugar structure Carbohydrates or saccharides are essential components of living organisms. (CH 2 O) n Where.

Lecture 7 Carbohydrates. Carbohydrates They are important for - Formula= Three major classes of carbohydrates:

246 Chapter 25: Carbohydrates hydrates of carbon: general formula C n (H 2 O) n Plants: photosynthesis 6 CO H 2 O C 6 H 12 O O 2 Polymers:

Chapter 25 Biomolecules: Carbohydrates. 2 The Importance of Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are… –widely distributed in nature. –key intermediates in metabolism.

CARBOHYDRATES Carbohydrates are a major energy source for living organisms Carbohydrates always have a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Mitochondria.

Carbohydrates. Structure and Function How do we define a carbohydrate? aldehydes or ketones with multiple hydroxyl groups “hydrate” of carbon – C-H 2.

Carbohydrates. Introduction: Carbohydrates are the most abundant organic compounds in the plant world They are storehouses of chemical energy (glucose,

Carbohydrates C483 Spring Examine the Fischer projection below. How is this carbohydrate classified? A) L enantiomer; aldopentose. B) L enantiomer;

Condensation of two  -amino acids to form a dipeptide. 1.

Where does the NADH for oxidative phosphorylation come from? Cellular oxidation-reduction reactions such as dehydrogenations We will be spending quite.

BIOCHEMISTRY REVIEW Overview of Biomolecules Chapter 7 Carbohydrates.

Chapter 10 – Carbohydrates

SURVEY OF BIOCHEMISTRY Carbohydrates

CARBOHYDRATE CHEMISTRY DR AMINA TARIQ BIOCHEMISTRY.

Chapter 18: Carbohydrates

Chapter 5 An Introduction to Carbohydrates. Key Concepts Sugars and other carbohydrates are highly variable in structure. Monosaccharides are monomers.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.3–13–1 Biochemistry Biochemistry is the study of chemical substances found in living systems.

Chapter 7.1: Monosaccharides and Disaccharides

Chapter 20 Carbohydrates. Carbohydrates Carbohydrate: Carbohydrate: A polyhydroxyaldehyde or polyhydroxyketone, or a substance that gives these compounds.

Carbohydrates. Structure of Carbohydrates Properties of Carbohydrates Most abundant class of organic molecules Source: Photosynthesis Classification.

L. Noha Soliman Carbohydrates Objectives  Introduction..  Functions Of Carbohydrates.  Types Of Carbohydrates. Of Carbohydrates.  Classification.

Accumulation of trans FA is an indication that hydrogenation is not proceeding to completion in the rumen. Accumulation of C18:2 bloks conversion of Trans-C18-1.

Chapter 8 Opener Carbohydrates General formula: ~(CH 2 O)n Biological Roles Structural (e.g. cellulose in plants) Molecular recognition (modification of.

7P1-1 Monosaccharides Monosaccharide stereoisomers Cyclic structures Reactions Examples and derivatives Di and oligosaccharides Polysaccharides Homo and.

1 Aldoses and Ketoses aldo- and keto- prefixes identify the nature of the carbonyl group -ose suffix designates a carbohydrate Number of C’s in the monosaccharide.

Chapter 7: Carbohydrates “Sugars” –Nutrient source (energy source) –Structural component Eg. cellulose (pure polymeric sugar) Or in combination with peptides.

Carbohydrates What are they? Formula = (CH 2 O) n where n > 3 Also called sugar Major biomolecule in body What do cells do with carbs? Oxidize them for.

Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Instructor Dr. Upali Siriwardane (Ph.D. Ohio State) Office: 311 Carson Taylor.

CARBOHYDRATE CHEMISTRY SUURBAAR JENNIFER. I NTRODUCTION Carbohydrates are one of the three major classes of biological molecules. Carbohydrates are also.

CARBOHYDRATE CHEMISTRY UNIT-1 CHAPTER-2. I NTRODUCTION Carbohydrates are one of the three major classes of biological molecules. Carbohydrates are also.

Sugars and Polysaccharides Chapter 8 Lecture 9 1.

Chemistry of Carbohydrates

CARBOHYDRATES Carbohydrates.

Introduction to Carbohydrates of medical importance

Chemistry 121 Winter 17 Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Instructor Dr. Upali Siriwardane (Ph.D. Ohio State)

Carbohydrate Structure

Lecture 18 Monday 3/20/17.

FST 202: Food Biochemistry Units

Carbohydrates Dr. Gamal Gabr.

LincoLarry Jln High School

CHEMISTRY OF CARBOHYDRATES

Chemistry 121 Winter 2016 Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Instructor Dr. Upali Siriwardane (Ph.D. Ohio State)

BIO201 SPRING 2018 Introduction to Biochemistry & Biotechnology

β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranose

Mono and Disaccharides

Chapter 7 Chem 341 Suroviec Fall 2016.

The Organic Chemistry of Carbohydrates

Carbohydrate Chemistry Part 1: Simple Carbohydrates

CARBOHYDRATE CHEMISTRY

Chapter 8 (part 1) Carbohydrates.

Introduction to Carbohydrates of medical importance

Chemistry 121(001) Winter 2015 Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Instructor Dr. Upali Siriwardane (Ph.D. Ohio State)

Sugars 10/29/09.

Presentation transcript:

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates serve a variety of functions Energy storage and food Structure and support Lubrication Protection Recognition and signaling Component of nucleotides starch mucin (glycoprotein) surface glycoproteins cell wall peptidoglycan chitin and cellulose 2-deoxyribose

Carbohydrates are polyhydroxylated aldehydes (aldoses) and ketones (ketoses) ‘glyc’ (from Greek glykys = sweet) also designates carbohydrate ex: glycoside, glycolysis, peptidoglycan ‘-ose’ suffix indicates carbohydrate Saccharide: from Greek sakcharon = sugar Monosaccharides (sometimes called ‘simple sugars’) also, Oligosaccharides (disaccharides, trisaccharides, …) and Polysaccharides (sometimes called ‘complex carbohydrates’) Base formula: C n H 2n O n Formed from monosaccharides linked via a condensation reaction triose tetrose pentose # of carbons

Most carbohydrates are chiral, and their configuration is a major distinguishing feature Base formula: C n H 2n O n Chiral carbons: #C - 2 for aldoses #C - 3 for ketoses Number of stereoisomers: 2 x, where x is # of chiral carbons D -aldopentoses are diastereomers D - and L - arabinose are enantiomers

A carbonyl and an alcohol will readily react to form a new chiral center This is how monosaccharides spontaneously cyclize

Figure 8-4 Mutarotation is the interconversion of anomers

A six-membered sugar ring, like glucopyranose, adopts one of two chair conformations

Modified sugars are important in biochemistry

A hemiacetal or hemiketal may condense with an alcohol to form an acetal or ketal

Figure 8-7 Glycosidic bonds link the anomeric carbon to other compounds, to form ‘glycosides’ O-glycosidic (or O-glycosyl) bonds (or linkages) Can these sugars interconvert?

Page 226

Condensation reactions link monosaccharides into disaccharides (and polysaccharides) non-reducing endreducing end