ENGLAND In 1066, William the Conqueror invades England defeats King Harold at the Battle of Hastings Establishes strong central authority System of taxation – the Doomsday Book Bayeux tapestry

Henry II (1154-1189) Established Royal Courts Common Law: Unified body of laws Judges decisions form he base of law in various English speaking countries.

King John (1199-1216) Nobles revolt over growing power of the king At Runnymeade in 1215 they force him to sign Magna Carta Limit King’s power Increase power of Nobles No taxation without representation Jury trial Protection of Law

Edward I 1272-1307 In 1295 Edward invites 2 knights from every county and two residents from each town along with Great Council to consent to new taxes – First Parliament House of Lords – nobles House of Commons- knights and merchants Policy is beginning to be determined not by the King alone

FRANCE 987 last Carolingian ruler dies Hugh Capet establishes Capetian dynasty Philip II (1180 -1223) greatly increased size of France by defeating England Obtains Normandy and Aquitane Philip IV 1285 -1314 1302 took representative from the 3 classes and created the Estates-General 1st Estate – Clergy 2nd Estate – Nobles 3rd Estate - Townspeople

Holy Roman Empire Otto I (936-973) who intervened in Italian politics, helped the Pope, and was crowned Emperor German kings now rule northern Italy and continually try to expand territory

Attempts to expand empire Frederick I (1152 – 1190) attacks Italy an alliance of Northern Italian towns defeat him Frederick II (1212 – 1250) also attempts to conquer Italy but is defeated. Consequences – Germany is left in the hands of powerful lords during expeditions These lords create own independent kingdoms Keeps monarchy weak and king is only a figure-head Germany stays unified until 19th Century

The Power of the Church increases Pope Gregory VII (1073 to 1085) claims the Pope is the ruler of all Christendom, even the rulers Pope eliminates Lay investiture Henry IV king of Germany disobeys order and the Pope excommunicates him If a king is excommunicated then all vassals were freed from duties to that king

Showdown at Canoosa January 1077 King Henry makes his way to Canossa. Pope makes him wait outside in snow for 3 days Henry is allowed in and forgiven Concordat of Worms – 1122 – compromise made between the emperor and church Church alone elect bishops, but emperor has veto power