Page 1 Plagiarism Concerns in IAS Manuscript Submissions March

Page 2 Intellectual Property Ideas are intellectual property May be expressed in words or pictures Plagiarism is using other people’s ideas Without permission Without acknowledging the source Creating the impression those ideas are your own Plagiarism is Theft of Ideas!

Page 3 Copyright A legal concept Formal recognition of ownership of a discrete ‘work’ Intended to permit the creator of a ‘work’ to receive benefits from that effort Plagiarism is a More Difficult Problem to Manage CopyrightPlagiarism o A matter of civil law o Copyright infringement is a false claim of ownership of rights to a ‘work’ o Laws define specific remedies o Bottom line impact: economic o Risk Management: copyright transfer o A matter of ethics o Plagiarism is a false claim of ownership of rights to ideas o Nothing is codified o Bottom line impact: reputation (credibility) o Risk Management: peer evaluation

Page 4 Self-Plagiarism Presenting earlier work as ‘new’ or ‘original’ - sometimes called ‘recycling’ Résumé padding is a serious ethical concern IEEE prefers the term ‘multiple publication’ IEEE policies forbid multiple publication and require that authors disclose the full history of submitted manuscripts IEEE penalties for multiple publication are the same as for plagiarism Special rules for IAS conferences: Multiple presentation of a paper to different conferences is OK Author must disclose prior presentations A paper may only be reviewed for publication one time The committee that sponsors the first presentation decides if the paper is to be published in Transactions or Magazine

Page 5 “Generally available information” Information that should be available to anyone competent in the field Fundamental engineering concepts Frequently-used terms and phases (jargon) No can claim ownership of generally available information There is No Problem with Using Generally Available Information

Page 6 All IEEE submissions are scanned for plagiarism The tool: CrossCheck by iThenticate Essentially the same as ‘Turn-it-In’ Manuscripts found to contain >30% similarity get closer scrutiny Part of the IAS manuscript submission process Anomalous scores automatically reported to IEEE legal staff How do we address anomalous scores? Conclude that the score is a ‘false positive’ Require that the author explain the similarities Return the paper to the author for correction Refer the matter to the reviewers for expert evaluation Reject the paper without review

Page 7 LevelRemedy 1. Uncredited verbatim copying of a full document (50-100%) without delineation and citation Loss of the privilege of publication (3-5 years) - PAL Mandatory published apology Formal withdrawal of offending document from Xplore 2. Uncredited verbatim copying of a large portion of a document (20-50%) without delineation and citation Loss of the privilege of publication (1-3 years) - PAL Mandatory published apology Formal withdrawal of offending document from Xplore 3. Uncredited copying of sentences or paragraphs (<20%) without delineation and citation Mandatory apology to plagiarized authors Offending document flagged in Xplore 4. Uncredited paraphrasingMandatory apology to plagiarized authors Offending document flagged in Xplore 5. Credited verbatim copying without adequate delineation Mandatory apology to plagiarized authors Correct or retract offending document IEEE Definitions of Plagiarism and Remedies PAL: the Prohibited Authors List – a list of authors who are not allowed to publish in any IEEE journal or to participate in the peer review process

Page 8 Simple steps to avoid problems: 1.Always ‘delineate’ quoted text o The easiest solution: quotation marks o Other solutions: o Alternate type face o Put quoted text in a text box or appendix that is clearly marked as containing quoted material Make it Easy for Readers to Discern Where Your Words and Ideas Stop and the Words and Ideas of Others Begin

Page 9 Simple steps to avoid problems: 1.Always ‘delineate’ quoted text o Quotation marks are the easiest way to do it o Other solutions: o Alternate type face o Put quoted text in an appendix that is clearly marked as containing quoted material Make Sure that the Originator of the Idea Gets Credit 2.Always cite the source of quoted text o There’s no penalty for having a longer list of references o If there is a choice between citing a conference paper and a Transactions paper, always cite the Transactions version

Page 10 Simple steps to avoid problems: 1.Always ‘delineate’ quoted text o Quotation marks are the easiest way to do it o Other solutions: o Alternate type face o Put quoted text in an appendix that is clearly marked as containing quoted material Make Sure that the Originator of the Idea Gets Credit 2.Always cite the source of quoted text o There’s no penalty for having a longer list of references o If there is a choice between citing a conference paper and a Transactions paper, always cite the Transactions version 3.Paraphrasing is better than quoting o Provides the opportunity to interpret for clarity and context o But you must still cite the original source of the idea

Page 11 Simple steps to avoid problems: 4.Instead of quoting or paraphrasing – direct readers to the original source o Don’t try to create an exhaustive treatment of the subject – rely on ‘the literature’ Avoid the Problem Altogether

Page 12 Simple steps to avoid problems: 4.Instead of quoting or paraphrasing – direct the reader to the original source o Don’t try to create an exhaustive treatment of the subject – rely on ‘the literature’ A New Figure Will Often be More Legible than One that Has Been Copied 5.IEEE has special rules for reusing figures o A figure is a ‘workproduct’ and is usually covered by copyright o You must have written permission to reuse a figures o Figure caption must include “© XXXXX, reprinted by permission” o But it may be easier to create a new figure Draw a new diagram Create new simulations or calculations to produce new plots

Page 13 Simple steps to avoid ‘multiple publication’: 1.Always cite earlier related papers o If there is a choice between citing a Transactions paper or a Conference paper, always cite the Transactions version FULL DISCLOSURE Usually Eliminates Suspicion of Wrong Doing 2.Use the questions in S1M to disclose the prior history of the paper o You must disclose all prior submissions of the paper o You must disclose all prior presentations at other conferences o If appropriate, use a ‘cover letter’ to explain the circumstances 3.Once established, the list of authors cannot be changed without written consent of all living authors

Page 14 Plagiarism is a Serious Matter in IEEE