1. Participial 2. Gerund 3. Infinitive 4. Appositive 5. Prepositions Grammar Exercise 6 1. Participial 2. Gerund 3. Infinitive 4. Appositive 5. Prepositions

V. + ing or V→ Past tense = Adjective Participial V. + ing or V→ Past tense = Adjective

Example for Participial 1.The car sliding out of control will hit the window Sliding modifies the Car 2. Alex fell down the broken staircase Broken describes staircase

Gerund V.+ing = Noun

Baking = an activity Sharon loves to do Example for Gerund Sharon loves baking Bake = a verb Baking = an activity Sharon loves to do

2. You can use it as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs Infinitives To + Verb = Infinitives 1. An infinitive is not a verb, you cannot add s, es, ed, or ing to the end. 2. You can use it as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs

Example of Infinitives To mess around with Sharon is Tiffany's hobby Mess around= Verb To mess around = Tiffany's hobby

Exceptions for Infinitives Special verb + direct object + infinitive – to Special verb: feel, hear. help, let, make, see, and watch

Example of Special Case When Mai heard the alarm clock buzz, she slapped the snooze button and continued her dream Heard: Special Verb Alarm Clock: Direct Object Buzz: To buzz – to (infinitive - to)

To split or not Case1:Sara hopes to quickly finish her chemistry homework.(Formal) Case2: Sara hopes to finish her chemistry homework quickly. (Informal)

Appostive 1. Elaboration 2. A noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right beside it

Example of Appositive 1. Ms. Lam, a teacher, is coming 2. Ms. Lam, a teacher from UK, is coming 3. Ms. Lam, a teacher with short hair from UK, is coming

Punctuate the appositive correctly Nonessential appositive is always separated from rest of the sentence with comma(s) 1. appositives begins the sentence 2. appositives interrupts the sentence 3. appositives ends the sentence

Prepositions are words that indicate locations or location in time

Examples of preposition 1. Indicate location: Sharon is lying in her bed. 2. Indicating location in time: At midnight, Mai sneaked to kitchen and drank a cup of tea.

Prepositional Phrase Formula: Preposition + optional modifiers + nouns, pronoun, gerund Example: Under the stove, Sharon hid a jar of cookies Under= preposition The= modifier Stove= noun

Subordinate Conjunctions Subordinate Conjunction: Subject + Verb Special Preposition: after, as, before, since, until Example: Before Tiffany goes to sleep, she pets her stuffed animals. Before: Preposition Tiffany: Subject Goes: Verb To sleep: Infinitive