E. Napp Reform Through Revolution Students will be able to define the following terms: Young Turks Pancho Villa Constitution of 1917 Sun Yat-Sen

E. Napp Unable to achieve reform through peaceful means, reformers in Turkey, Mexico, and China wanted to overthrow their existing governments through revolution.

E. Napp Sultan Abdulhamid II, the ruler of the Ottoman empire, used secret police against potential opponents.

E. Napp The Sultan also ordered the brutal massacre of Armenians in eastern Turkey in Armenians in Turkey were massacred for allegedly resisting the Ottoman government.

E. Napp Young educated members of the Turkish elite, known as the Young Turks, demanded reform. The Sultan was overthrown. The new government encouraged industrialization, education, and improved treatment of women.

E. Napp From 1877 to 1910, Mexico was governed by the dictator, Porfirio Diaz. The Mexican revolution of 1910 was a reaction against Diaz’s rule.

E. Napp Initially led by Francisco Madero, a wealthy liberal, the revolt soon faced opposition from peasant leaders, including Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata. Madero was assassinated and a civil war followed.

E. Napp Eventually, the forces of reform won. As a result, large estates were broken up, Church lands were seized, and millions of acres of land were transferred to peasants.

E. Napp The Constitution of 1917 led to greater democracy in Mexico. It established an 8-hour work day. It also gave workers the right to strike.

E. Napp China’s educated elite was troubled by China’s defeat by Japan in 1894, foreign intervention against the Boxer Rebellion, and the failure of the Manchu government to change.

E. Napp In 1911, an uprising began among soldiers. It quickly spread to cities throughout China. China’s five-year-old emperor was forced to abdicate. After 2,500 years of rule by emperors, China became a republic in 1912.

E. Napp Sun Yat-Sen, a revolutionary leader, gained control of China’s government in He introduced his three principles: “Democracy, Nationalism, and the People’s Livelihood.”

E. Napp Unfortunately, Sun was never able to fully bring all of China under his control. In many parts of China, warlords or powerful military commanders remained too great. Rival armies battled for control of China bringing hardship to millions.

E. Napp Questions for Reflection: What was the Armenian genocide and why did it occur? Who were the Young Turks and why were they dissatisfied with the Sultan? Why did Pancho Villa rebel? What was the Constitution of 1917? Who was Sun Yat-Sen and what did he want for the people of China?