Turbo TAKS Week 2 Lesson 1- Cells Lesson 2- Taxonomy Lesson 3- DNA Lesson 4- Protein Synthesis

Lesson 1: Cells

2 Types of Cells Prokaryote- “pro”= before; “kary”- nucleus  CELL DOES NOT CONTAIN A NUCLEUS OR MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES  Example: Bacteria  Study Trick: Remember that pro rhymes with no nucleus Eukaryote- “eu”= true; “kary”- nucleu  CELL CONTAINS A NUCLEUS  CELL CONTAINS MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES  Examples: Plant, Animal, Protist, Fungus

MAJOR ORGANELLES

CELL PROCESSES OVERVIEW Permeability –Diffusion –Osmosis Cell Division –Mitosis –Meiosis Energy Conversion –Photosynthesis –Respiration Storage & Transport

Permeability (all cells): Cells contain a semi-permeable membrane that allows certain things in and out of the cell

Diffusion (all cells): Movement of substances from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration, Disposes of wastes and brings in nutrients

Membrane Osmosis (all cells): Movement of water across a membrane from an area of more water to less water (high to low concentration)

Membrane Osmosis (all cells): Movement of water across a membrane from an area of more water to less water (high to low concentration)

Membrane Osmosis (all cells): Movement of water across a membrane from an area of more water to less water (high to low concentration)

Membrane Osmosis (all cells): Movement of water across a membrane from an area of more water to less water (high to low concentration)

Membrane Osmosis (all cells): Movement of water across a membrane from an area of more water to less water (high to low concentration)

Membrane Osmosis (all cells): Movement of water across a membrane from an area of more water to less water (high to low concentration)

Membrane Osmosis (all cells): Movement of water across a membrane from an area of more water to less water (high to low concentration)

Membrane Osmosis (all cells): Movement of water across a membrane from an area of more water to less water (high to low concentration)

Photosynthesis (happens in plant cells): Converts light energy (radiant energy) to chemical energy (glucose) Light energy is used to convert CO 2 to glucose in plants Happens in the chloroplast

Respiration (happens in all cells): Converts glucose into cell energy (ATP) in the mitochondria ATP

Process: Photosynthesis Organism: Plant Place Occurs: Chloroplast Glucose and O 2 Process: Respiration Organism: ALL Place occurs: Mitochondria CO 2 and H 2 O ATP The products of Photosynthesis are the reactants of Respiration

Mitosis (happens in all cells): Cell reproduction for growth, repair, and maintenance of somatic cells. Somatic cells are body cells (ex: liver, skin, kidney, etc.)

Meiosis: Cell reproduction for the production of gametes (sex cells)

Storage: Vacuoles store water, food, and minerals (all cells) Central vacuole in plant cells Becomes flaccid if cell loses water Becomes turgid if cell gains water

Transport (all cells): Endoplasmic reticulum transports proteins to the Golgi bodies to be packaged and processed Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Body

Lesson 2: Taxonomy

Classification The largest and least specific category is a Kingdom There are 6 kingdoms: 2 prokaryotic and 4 eukaryotic Organisms are then placed into more specific groups in a particular order (KPCOFGS – see diagram) Organisms are called by their Genus and species name Ex: Homo sapiens

Classification Animals most closely related will be in the same levels of classification Test tip: Most closely related organisms will have the same genus GroupDomestic CatLeopardDeer KingdomAnimalia PhylumChordata ClassMammalia OrderCarnivora Artiodactyla FamilyFelidae Cervidae GenusFelisPantheraOdocoileus SpeciesFelis cattusPanthera pardusOdocoileus virginianus Which 2 are most closely related? How do you know?

Kingdoms of Life Prokaryotic Kingdoms Archaebacteria –Live in harsh conditions (without oxygen, extreme temperatures, in different chemical environments) Eubacteria –Bacteria found on and around us –There are good and bad bacteria

Fungi –Decomposers/ heterotrophic –Mushrooms Protista –Heterotrophs & Autotrophs –Mostly single-celled –Live in water –Amoebas, paramecium, euglenas –Has pseudopodia, cilia and/or flagella for movement Plantae –Multicellular –Autotrophic –True roots, stems, and leaves Animalia –Motile (can move) –Multicellular –Heterotrophic Eukaryotic Kingdoms:

Lesson 3: DNA

Deoxyribonucleic Acid Structure C P D C P D C P D P D G P D G P D T P D A P D T P D A P D G Nucleotide DNA is made of Nucleotides Nitrogen Base Phosphat e group Deoxy- ribose There are four kinds of nitrogen bases, so there are four kinds of nucleotides... Adenine,Cytosine, Guanine, and Thymine

Cytosine pairs with Guanine C P D P D G Adenine pairs with Thymine P D T P D A DNA is shaped like a Double Helix (twisted ladder)

NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE The order of the nucleotides forms the unique genetic code for the organism The more closely related two organisms are, the more alike the order of their nucleotides will be

DNA replication –DNA makes an exact copy of its self –Happens before mitosis and meiosis Mutation –A change in the sequence of nucleotides –Can happen in any cell, but can be passed on to offspring only if it occurs in a gamete cell

Lesson 4: Protein Synthesis DNA RNA Protein

Transcription (DNA mRNA) DNA codes for proteins The order of the nucleotides is the code for which a protein will be made TRANSCRIPTION is making o copy of DNA into mRNA (A = U; C=G) Occurs in the nucleus

Translation (mRNA Protein) The message on the mRNA is read by a ribosome The message is translated into a protein Occurs in the cytoplasm on ribosomes Video:

Genetic Code Every three letters on mRNA is a codon A codon codes for an amino acid Ex: CCC codes for Proline