TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Transport Transport or transportation is the movement of people, animals and goods from one location to another.  Modes of transport include air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles and operations. Transport is important because it enables trade between people, which is essential for the development of civilizations. Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization, but most types cause air pollution and use large amounts of land. While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow and restrain urban sprawl.

Transportation Engineering Transportation engineering is the application of technology and scientific principles to the planning, functional design, operation and management of facilities for any mode of transportation in order to provide for the safe, efficient, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical, and environmentally compatible movement of people and goods. It is a sub-discipline of civil engineering and of industrial engineering. Transportation engineering is a major component of the civil engineering and mechanical engineering disciplines, according to specialization of academic courses and main competences of the involved territory. Transport infrastructure consists of the fixed installations including roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines and terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations, warehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fueling docks and fuel stations) and seaports.  Transport plays an important part in economic growth and economic growth increases the need for transportation.

Transportation Engineering A social problem Effects social mobility, distribution of population, need for housing, business opportunities An economic problem Effective and a relatively cheaper transportation is the basis of economic success. A political problem It is for use of public but is established and arranged by the government. A management problem The transportation service should be analyzed for both the supplier and the receiver. An environmental problem Effects the air, water and land pollution.

Transportation Engineering Transportation engineering is a multi disciplinary area. To find the best solution, Transportation Engineer should work compatible with people of many different disciplines such as economist, architect, sociologist, geologist, politicians and etc. These different disciplines, the size and the diverseness of the transportation engineering, make some sub divisions to rise. These sub divisions may be such as Land, Air and Railways , and also like Transportation Planning, Transportation Economy, Transportation Management, Transportation Infra and Superstructures and so on..

Transportation Engineering Types of transportation Land transport Highways Railways Water transport Air transport

Land Transportation The initiation of roads goes back to the invention of the Wheel (5000 BC). However, the pavements that we use today is first seen commonly in Roman Empire. Roman roads were made of gravel, broken Stones, cement!!, and pavement Stones. The surface drainage of the roads were provided by the mild curves towards the slopes at the edges of the roads. The main drainage was provided by the ditches at both sides of the roads.

Land Transportation The oldest road in Turkey is the Babil-Bapsekus road built by Assyrians and Babylonians at the Euphrates river bed in 2000 BC. After the foundation of Turkish Republic, in 1946 General Directorate of Highways was established.

Highway engineering

Highway engineering Contour Map

The direction that a road follows on the ground is called route (güzergah) of the road. A road is composed of straight and curved portions. The straight portions of a road is called tangent (has an infinite Radius) and the curved portions (with a definite Radius) are horizontal curves. Plan is the projection of the road over a horizontal surface. Profile (boykesit) is the vertical cross section of the road.

Black line: The line showing the natural ground level. Red line: The line showing the axis of the road on the profile after the construction is completed. Black line: The line showing the natural ground level. Profile

High ways A crossfall (enine eğim) is the slope on the highway in two directions departing from the axis in order the rainfall can drain as soon as possible. In Asphalt roads : 1% - 2% ın Gravelly roads: 3% - 4% In Soil roads : 4% - 6% In Concrete roads: 1.5% A superelevation (dever) is the slope in one direction on a horizontal curve of a highway in order to resist centrifugal force.

The structure that carries the traffic Loads and converts these load to the Soil beneath is called Superstructure. It may be flexible or rigid.

Highways, railways, runways and petroleum pipe lines are the subject of transportation engineering. Design approaches and construction methods, especially for highways are taught at undergraduate level. Large amount of soil and rock must be replaced, i.e. excavated and transported during these works. Building tunnels over these transportation is a different profession as itself. It needs a detailed investigation. Arrangement of traffic is also another subject of transportation.

Traffic An intersection is the junction at grade (that is to say, on the same level) of two or more roads either meeting or crossing. An intersection may be three-way (a T junction or Y junction – the latter also known as a fork), four-way (a crossroads), or have five or more arms. Busy intersections are often controlled by traffic lights and/or a roundabout.

Traffic In the field of road transport, an interchange is a road junction that typically uses grade separation, and one or more ramps, to permit traffic on at least one highway to pass through the junction without directly crossing any other traffic stream. It differs from a standard intersection, at which roads cross at grade. Interchanges are almost always used when at least one of the roads is a controlled -access highway (freeway or motorway) or a limited-access divided highway (expressway), though they may occasionally be used at junctions between two surface streets.

Intersections