Polymer Properties Exercise 1

Structure CH2=CH–CH3 CH2=C(CH3)2 CH3–CH=CH–C2H5 CH3–CH=CH–CH=CH2 Draw the different stereoregular polymer structures that can be obtained.

1a) Stereoregularity of PP:

1b) No stereoregularity differences in polymer.

1c)

1d) 1,2-polymerization 3,4-polymerization Stereoregular polymers in the case of 3,4-polymerization form in the same way as in c). In case of the 1,2-polymerization can produce as in a) both isotactic or syndiotactic polymers as well as cis-trans isomers:

1e) Stereoregular polymers form in the same way as in c).

1f) Ring opening polymerization can occur or the ring may remain intact. In the case the ring does not open only few of the possible structures have been shown.

Avarage molecular weights Equations for number average and weight average molecular weights as well as polydispersity index are defined as follows: where Mi molecular weight of molecules i ni number of molecules with molecular weight i wi mass of the molecules with molecular weight i

2 A sample of polystyrene is composed of a series of fractions of different sized molecules. Calculate the number average and weight average molecular weights of this sample as well as the PDI. How would adding styrene oligomer change the average molecular weights? Added amount is 5wt.% of polymer mass and M=1000g/mol. Table 1. PS fractions. Fraction   weight fraction Molecular weight [g/mol] A 0.130 11000 B 0.300 14000 C 0.400 17000 D 0.170 21000

2a) Determine the number of moles in each fraction. Assume that the sample is 10 g in the beginning. Number of moles of the fraction is ni = wi / Mi. fraction wi [g] Mi [g/mol] ni [mmol] A 1.30 11000 0.118 B 3.00 14000 0.214 C 4.00 17000 0.235 D 1.70 21000 0.0810   wi = 10.0 g ni = 0.648 mmol

2a) Number average molecular weight: Weight average molecular weight: Polydispersity index:

2b) When 5.0 wt-% of styrene oligomer (fraction E) is added, the total mass and number of moles increase as follow: fraction wi [g] Mi [g/mol] ni [mmol] A 1.30 11000 0.118 B 3.00 14000 0.214 C 4.00 17000 0.235 D 1.70 21000 0.0810 E 0.50 1000   wi = 10.5 g ni = 1.10 mmol

2b) number average molecular weight weight average molecular weight   Polydispersity index

3 Viscosity relative viscosity: Relative viscosity increment (or specific viscosity): Reduced viscosity (or viscosity number):  Inherent viscosity:   Mark-Houwink equation: Intrinsic viscosity [] can be defined:

Polystyrene concentration [mg/ml] 3) Viscosity of atactic polystyrene was measured in dilute solutions and the results are presented in table 2. Determine the viscosity average molecular weight for the sample . Mark-Houwink constants are k = 0.00848 ml/g and a = 0.748. Table 2. Efflux times for polystyrene samples. Solvent toluene. T =25°C. Polystyrene concentration [mg/ml] efflux time [t/s] 110.0 5.0 123.5 10.0 138.0 15.0 153.6 20.0 170.2 25.0 187.9

3) Calculate the required viscosity parameters: Draw inh and red as function of concentration. c [mg/ml] efflux time [t/s] r = t/t0 sp = (t-t0)/t0 inh =ln(r)/c red = sp/c 110.0   5.0 123.5 1.123 0.123 0.0232 0.0246 10.0 138.0 1.255 0.255 0.0227 0.0255 15.0 153.6 1.396 0.396 0.0222 0.0264 20.0 170.2 1.547 0.547 0.0218 0.0274 25.0 187.9 1.708 0.708 0.0214 0.0283

3) [] is obtained from the plot from the crossing of y-axis: and the average from these is [] = 23.65 ml/g. Viscosity average molecular weight from Mark-Houwink equation: Note! Due to empirical coefficients k ja a. the equation gives the molecular weight without unit. In literature k = 0.007…0.01 and a = 0.69…0.78  accuracy of the calculation is not particularly good.

4) Light scattering Both weight average molecular weight Mw and second virial coefficient A2 can be determined from graph when Kc/R(q) is plotted as a function of concentration: 1/Mw is the cross point on y-axis and A2 is half of the linear coefficient.

4) From the plot: And second virial coefficient: