HPCAT Executive Council Meeting September 30, 2015

New, 4 th generation multi-bend achromat storage ring lattice in the existing tunnel (diffraction limited x-ray source) Doubling of the ring stored beam current (to 200 mA) Replacements of all Front-Ends (covers all high-heat-load optics) A suite of new beamlines designed for best-in-class performance with MBA source properties Optics for remaining beamlines to take full advantage of MBA source properties Improved beam stability All beamlines will realize significant benefits Well-defined installation and testing period is a key deliverable months installation and testing period 2

HPCAT Executive Council Meeting September 30, 2015 HPCAT-U Enabling sub-micron x-ray probes, including diffraction and spectroscopy On-sample flux increase by times in all four beamlines Advanced x-ray imaging techniques for complex hierarchical structures Bridging the strain rate gap between static and dynamic compression Reconfigurations of beamlines for the new undulator sources and the 3-pole Wiggler sources Advanced detectors, and collimation techniques in data collection Advanced control software and data handling Installation and testing period consistent with those in the APS-U APS-U installation 3

HPCAT Executive Council Meeting September 30, 2015 Beamlines 16-ID-D 16-ID-B 16-BM-D 16-BM-B Support Equipment Support Laboratories Controls Software Data Evaluation Offices NNSA, BES, NSF APS, CIW, Partners Onsite Staff Users

HPCAT Executive Council Meeting September 30, 2015 Structures at extremes – Crystal structure: symmetry ⟶ atomic position ⟶ electron density topology – Amorphous - nano-structure – micro-structure – grain boundaries Electrons at extremes – Valence electrons, conducting electrons – Strongly correlated electrons, (de)localization – Hybridization, spin transitions Dynamics at extremes – Dynamics in energy and momentum space – Dynamics in time (kinetics, metastability) Materials performance, materials synthesis Basic science, novel materials discovery 5 ⟹

HPCAT Executive Council Meeting September 30, 2015 Sector 16 Canted undulator beams ID-C/D/E: Spectroscopy XES,IXS – 1eV NRIXS – 2meV IDB: Micro-diffraction Laser heating Cryostat Sector 16 Bending magnet beam BMB: White Laue PEC BM-C/D: Micro-diffraction XANES Split in space keV 5-36 keV The largest synchrotron facility dedicated for high pressure research The largest number of HP-SR techniques in a single sector, covering x- ray diffraction, x-ray spectroscopy, and x-ray imaging Complementary information by various x-ray and optical probes using standardized sample holders

HPCAT Executive Council Meeting September 30, 2015 Online pressure controls and measurements Online temperature controls and measurements (cryostat, resistive heating, laser heating) Fast (de)compression A comprehensive set of high pressure devices integrated with low T (down to <4k) and high T (resistive, laser heating) Unique capabilities in fast (de)compression integrated with diffraction and imaging

HPCAT Executive Council Meeting September 30, 2015 HP x-ray diffraction – Main horse, remains central focus – Next generation HP x-ray scattering and spectroscopy – Many pioneered at HPCAT – Going to Mbars HP x-ray imaging – Infancy – An important component in the HPCAT Upgrade

HPCAT Executive Council Meeting September 30, ID-B ( 4x7  m 2,0.5-1x10 12 p/s or 1x2  m 2, 1-3x10 11 p/s ) – General purpose table – Laser heating table 16-BM-D ( 5x5  m 2, 5x10 8 p/s ) – Wide energy range (6-60 keV) – HP XANES interchangeable 16-BM-B – Laue diffraction – EDXD diffraction (e.g., liquid structures) A world-class facility in HP XRD Very productive Unique advanced features

HPCAT Executive Council Meeting September 30, 2015 P and T, adding (t) Achievable compression rate with full frame Eiger detector: > 35 TPa/s (or 350 Mbar/s) Achievable compression rate with full frame Eiger detector: > 35 TPa/s (or 350 Mbar/s) Eiger 1Md-DAC Anvil: um bevel Sample: Mo+MgO Smith et al, 2015

HPCAT Executive Council Meeting September 30, 2015  -Ge at 12 GPa (Li et al, 2015) < 3% R-factor 100% Completeness! Structure of the new iron oxide Fe 5 O 6 determined by multigrain approach (Lavina and Meng, 2015) Single crystal XRD information from course powder patterns

HPCAT Executive Council Meeting September 30, 2015 a XRD X-ray hν Laser beams Sample Static pressure Heating spot > Ø120  m to reduce radial T gradient Double sided heating to minimize axial T gradient Modulated heating to control kinetics Meng et al, 2015

HPCAT Executive Council Meeting September 30, 2015 Extending x-ray energies (early 2016) – (111) crystal for routine operation at 30 keV – (220) crystal to 50 keV – (311) crystal to 60 keV 1-2  m 2 beam at 16-BM-B for Laue (Sept 2016) Advanced detectors (e.g. new Pilatus CdTe, $$?)

HPCAT Executive Council Meeting September 30, ID-D ( 20x35  m 2, ~5x10 13 p/s; 5x5  m 2, ~10 12 p/s ) – Inelastic x-ray scattering (x-ray Raman) – (Resonant) x-ray emission – Nuclear inelastic x-ray scattering – Nuclear forward scattering 16-BM-D – XANES The most comprehensive set of HP x-ray spectroscopy techniques Each individual technique is at world-class level Unique advanced features

HPCAT Executive Council Meeting September 30, 2015 Eliminating background scattering from massive surrounding materials X-ray inelastic scattering of hydrogen. Top – using a polycarpellary optic significantly suppresses the background from Be gasket and diamond anvil. Bottom - hydrogen signal using slit collimation for comparison. Chow et al, 2015

HPCAT Executive Council Meeting September 30, 2015 Maximizing scattering signals 17-element analyzers Polycapillary optic for XES Xiao et al, 2015

HPCAT Executive Council Meeting September 30, 2015 Si (1 0 0) at Ga Kα1, 9.252keV, ϑB=80.752° Si (1 1 1) at Fe Kα1, 6.404keV, ϑB=67.846° Si (1 1 0) at Fe K β1, 7.058keV, ϑB=66.183° Si (3 3 1) at V K β1, 5.427keV, ϑB=66.454° Si (4 2 2) at Cr K β1, 5.947keV, ϑB=70.107° 90 GPa An efficiency increase of 12+ times 7-element analyzers commissioned

HPCAT Executive Council Meeting September 30, 2015 Integrated capabilities cryostat On-line ruby system XES spectrometer Detector for X-ray diffraction

HPCAT Executive Council Meeting September 30, x5  m 2 beam at 16-ID-D with 50+% throughput (December 2015) 7-element analyzer for XES (continue commissioning) Low-Q scattering ( nm -1 ) in HP IXS

HPCAT Executive Council Meeting September 30, 2015 By signals – X-ray radiographic imaging (absorption) All beamlines – X-ray phase contrast imaging (16-BM-B) 16-BM-B – Diffraction, NFS, Laue, coherent signals… By ways of imaging collection – Full-field imaging (16-BM-B) – Position scanning imaging (all beamlines) – X-ray tomography This is a growing field Advanced developments in fast imaging, phase contrast imaging, and Laue imaging An important component in HPCAT Upgrade

HPCAT Executive Council Meeting September 30, 2015 HPCAT fast imaging capability allows for measuring viscosities of low viscos liquids CaCO3 melt Albite melt Phase contrast imaging for studying immiscibility of liquids at high pressure Kono et al, 2014, 2015

HPCAT Executive Council Meeting September 30, 2015 Strain, mosaic, and orientation of Si at 12.8 GPa Zr at 4.3 GPa Zr  -phase at 5.0 GPa Reducing beam size from 10  m 2 to 1x2  m 2 for high spatial resolution Popov et al, 2015

HPCAT Executive Council Meeting September 30, 2015 Stage resolutions: nm (new XPS) ~1  m (existing) 2D on-the-fly scan in a couple of minutes with points using imaging detectors or photon counters Smith, Sinogeikin, Rod

HPCAT Executive Council Meeting September 30, 2015 Position scanning imaging – Beam size (5 → 1x2  m in IDB (2015) and IDD (2016); sub-  m in the HPCAT-U) – Software (important component in HPCAT-U) – Laue imaging (1-2  m resolution, Sept 2016) Coherent and 3D x-ray microscopies for complex hierarchical structures (HPCAT-U)

HPCAT Executive Council Meeting September 30, 2015 Pressure control – Membrane – Piezo Pressure measurement – On(off) line ruby systems – On(off) line Raman systems Temperature control – External heater to 1000K – Cryostat below 4K – Off-line laser heating system Optical m -Raman system Glove box A pair of manipulators Laser drill machine Be handling Sample preparation lab Comprehensive set of advanced on- line support equipment Essential instrument for sample preparation and characterization

HPCAT Executive Council Meeting September 30, 2015 Fast T measurement at sub-micro-second level (emICCD) (Fall 2015) Further developments in piezo-driven DAC, i.e., P(t) ( ) Cryostat suited for IXS and single crystal XRD ( ) On-line Raman system upgrade (Fall 2015)

HPCAT Executive Council Meeting September 30, 2015 Sept. 30, 2015

HPCAT Executive Council Meeting September 30, 2015 BDCM Offset Change (Hutch panel reconfiguration: $70k) Adjusting the offset will significantly extend the energy range

HPCAT Executive Council Meeting September 30, 2015 HP Laue setup with 1x2  m 2 beam ($120K) 16-BM-B

HPCAT Executive Council Meeting September 30, 2015 We are entering the next generation HP-SR era! Exploring frontiers Challenging detection limits Imaging complexities Novel capabilities but only for experienced users Simple and robust Integrated Highly efficient In situ and operando Mature and integrated capabilities, use-friendly operation

HPCAT Executive Council Meeting September 30, 2015 Ultrahigh pressure frontier Probing phase transitions and chemical reactions at megabar pressures Complex hierarchical structures and heterogeneity at high pressures Kinetics and metastability under rapid (de)compression and pulsed heating Exploiting extreme environments for materials design, synthesis, and characterization

HPCAT Executive Council Meeting September 30, 2015 Enabling sub-micron x-ray probes integrated with high-pressure devices Orders of magnitude improvement in spatial and temporal resolution Advanced x-ray imaging techniques for complex hierarchical structures In situ measurements relating microscopic structures to macroscopic properties Bridging the strain rate gap between static and dynamic compression