Chapter 4 The Organization of Life Modified from P. Green

Section 1

Ecosystems: Everything is Connected Ecosystem: All of the organisms living in an area together PLUS their physical environment  Biotic factors – All the living things in an ecosystem  Fish, coral, shrimp, seaweed, fish poop  Abiotic factors - All the nonliving things in an ecosystem  Water, sand, sunlight, temperature Coral Reef Ecosystem

Ecosystems: Everything is Connected Levels of Organization: Organism – an individual living thing Species – can mate and produce offspring that are fertile Population – All members of the same species living in same place Community – a group of various species that live in the same area and interact (only BIOTIC) Ecosystem – all biotic AND abiotic factors Biosphere – all ecosystems of the Earth Habitat – Where an organism lives Includes biotic and abiotic factors the organism needs to survive

Think! Pair! Share! What would happen if I removed an organism from its habitat?

Section 2: Evolution

Evolution Environment can affect an individual species Charles Darwin was the first to notice this.  Organisms with certain traits are better able to survive their environment  For Example: A lion with sharp claws can kill prey better than one with dull claws Darwin called this Natural Selection  The survival and reproduction of organisms with particular traits

Evolution Adaptations– inherited traits that increase an organism’s chance of survival Future generations of lions will have sharper claws (this is an adaptation) Darwin’s finches are a famous example of adaptations Evolution - is a change in the characteristics of a population from one generation to the next.

Coevolution The process of two species evolving in response to long-term interactions with each other is called coevolution.

Evolution Artificial Selection – humans select specific characteristics for organisms  Dog breeders –labradoodles  Farmers – certain flowers, fruits and vegetables  Seedless Watermelon  “Cry free” onions

Evolution Resistance – the ability of an organism to tolerate a particular chemical designed to kill it because of a certain gene that organism has

Section 3

Diversity of Living Things Organisms are classified into 6 kingdoms  Archaebacteria and Eubacteria are similar  Single cell  Microscopic  Cell walls  Reproduce by dividing in half  ONLY Kingdoms WITHOUT nucleus  decomposers Archaebacteria and Eubacteria are different Archaebacteria live in extreme environments Hot springs or ocean sulfur vents Eubacteria is what we know as bacteria

Diversity of Living Things Fungi  Cell wall  Nucleus  Absorb food through their body surfaces  decomposers Protists  Mostly single celled  Nucleus  Most live in water  Examples – amoebas, kelp, seaweed, phytoplankton

Diversity of Living Things Plants  Multicellular  Have cell Walls  Make Own Food  Gymnosperms – Woody plants that produce seeds NOT in fruit Example: Pine trees Used for most lumber and paper  Angiosperms – flowering plants that produce seeds in fruit Cotton, grasses, flowers, fruit most food we eat are angiosperms Building material often comes from angiosperms

Think! What adaptations do gymnosperms have? produce pollen produce seeds needle-like leaves

Diversity of Living Things Animals  Multicellular  Cannot make own food  Invertebrates – animals that lack a backbone Ocean animals such as oysters and mollusks (live in shells) Octupus Insects – have a hard skeleton but no backbone  Vertebrates – animals with a backbone Most live on land (except fish) Mammals – special type of vertebrate Warm blooded, fur, and feed young milk What are you?