Aim #19: What were the key features of George Washington’s presidency and why did political parties start? Political Parties are a terrible idea..I will warn you about those later…like in slide 8 DO NOW! Letter to Henry Knox from George Washington and Bank chart

(I) George Washington’s Presidency a.Assumed presidency in 1789 b. Set several precedents (pattern for future presidents) 1.2 term presidency (broken by FDR who died in 4 th term) 2. cabinet: group of advisers including: John Adams—Vice President Thomas Jefferson—Sec. of State Alexander Hamilton—Sec. of the Treasury Henry Knox—Sec. of War

(II) First Job of the New Government: a. to add a Bill of Rights to the Constitution 1. 2/3 vote by Congress & ratified by ¾ of states 2. Used George Mason’s bill of rights in VA as a guide 3. Key: provided safeguards for some of America’s core principles b. Judiciary Act of Organized the Supreme Court with a Chief Justice (John Jay) and originally 5 associates CURRENT SUPREME COURT 2015

(III) Hamilton’s Financial Plan: a.Pay off debts and develop American manufacturing b.Assume state war debts (Assumption Plan – controversial) Why? c. Supported higher protective tariffs and excise taxes (i.e. on whiskey) 1.Protect infant industries from foreign competition (like…Britain) d. National Bank: run by US government: controversial…why? 1.No mention of a Bank in the U.S. Constitution 2. Congress does have the power to levy taxes and coin money (delegated powers) e. Jefferson: strict constructionist (reads Constitution strictly, so no mention of Bank, Bank should not exist) 1. Strict interpretation of the Constitution f. Hamilton answers by saying Bank is “necessary and proper” to the functioning of the government (elastic clause) 1.Loose interpretation of the Constitution g. ***this controversy lead to RISE OF THE FIRST PARTY SYSTEM (1790s)

(IV) Rise of Political Parties a.No parties mentioned in the Constitution b. Washington warned against them in his Farewell Address c. 2 parties that formed were the: 1.Federalists (Hamilton, economy based on manufacturing loose interpretation, pro-England) 2.Democratic-Republicans: (Jefferson, agrarian society, strict constructionist, pro-France)

(V) Whiskey Rebellion (1794) a.Who: W. Penn farmers refused to pay excise tax 1.They challenged new national govt. 2.Washington sent a militia to stop rebellion 3.Significance: federal government showed it could ensure domestic tranquility (no bloodshed) (VI) Washington’s Foreign Policy a.French Revolution divided America (we promised to have France’s back after they helped us during Revolutionary War) b. Federalists: want to avoid war with England (thought they could help us more economically) c. Democratic Republicans: French Revolution is like an extension of our own revolution (British were seizing our ships, disrupting our business, why would we take their side?)

Continuation Washington’s foreign policy d. (1793) Washington issues a Proclamation of Neutrality 1.violation: Citizen Genet who was French ambassador to US: traveled to US to convince Americans to side with France (and fight with them) e. Jay’s Treaty: Washington sent John Jay to Britain to barter some kind of peace; we want Britain to stop seizing US ships and impressing sailors 1.They agree to leave the forts they established here, but not much else gets resolved (still impressing our sailors and encouraging Native Americans to attack us); unpopular treaty, but we maintain neutrality f. Pinckney’s Treaty (1795): Spain says US can use Mississippi River (afraid we were talking to Britain); very popular with US citizen

VII. George Washington’s Farewell Address (1790) a.Warned against forming permanent alliances b.Warned of the danger of political parties