Social Development (Chapter 13) Second Lecture Outline: Psychosexual Development Attachment Theory and Parenting Moral Development

Freud’s Psychosexual Theory w Oral stage (birth to two years) Pleasure from sucking and oral activity w Anal stage (two to four years) Urination and defecation w Phallic stage (4 to middle childhood) Oedipal (male) and Electra (female) conflict: Desire opposite sex parent, fear wrath of same sex parent, identify with same sex parent w Latency and Genital (adolescent) phases

Freud and the two problem women in his life

Attachment theory w Emotional bonds between people have adaptive significance, develop through an interactional history, and influence personality development w History: Spitz and WWII orphans; Harry Harlow and rhesus monkeys; Lorenz and his ducks; Genie and deprivation; sabre- tooth tigers w Bowlby: Attachment, Separation, and Loss

Maasi in africa: Attachment theory is cross-cultural

Patterns in Infancy: Ainsworth’s Strange Situation w Three patterns which differ on proximity- seeking and distress resolution w Avoidant (A): No distress or proximity- seeking, no distinction between mother and stranger w Secure (B): Distress resolved, proximity- seeking w Resistant (C): Distress not resolved, ambivalent proximity-seeking

Attachment in context w Parental work status does not predict attachment w Emotional adjustment of the parent (e.g., family stress and conflict) is important w Quality of non-parental care is important w Relationship quality becomes internalizes and influences later adult and romantic relationships AAI: Dismissing, Autonomous, Preoccupied

Parental Styles w Authoritarian: Firm, punitive, unsympathetic, and negative Children can learn to be sneaky and externally controlled with low self-esteem w Permissive: Freedom, no rules or discipline Children can learn to be impulsive, get in trouble w Authoritative: Firm but understanding Children help make the rules, high self-esteem

Moral Development w Kohlberg’s model: I leave exam in room Preconventional morality age 7-10: Punishment and obedience Conventional morality age 10-16: Social rules are internalized; conscience Post-conventional morality 16+: Internal moral principles outweigh social rules w Gilligan: Justice and respect are male-, care and compassion are female-oriented

Scenario I In Europe, a woman was near death from a very unusual kind of cancer. The doctors thought that one drug -- a form of radium discovered by a druggist in the same town -- might save her life. The druggist paid $400 for the radium and charged $4,000 for a small dose of the drug. Heinz, the sick woman's husband, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money and tried every legal means, but he could only raise $2000, half of the drug's selling price. Heinz pleaded with the druggist, explaining to him that his wife was dying. He presented several options to the druggist: sell the drug to Heinz at a cheaper price, let Heinz pay for the drug in installments or let Heinz pay for it at a later date. But the druggist said, "No, I discovered the drug and I’m going to make money from it." Heinz is now considering breaking into the drug store and stealing for his wife. Question #1 Should Heinz steal the drug? Question #2 Should Heinz steal the same drug if the dying person is a "not particularly close" friend, rather than a spouse or relative?