AP World History Mr. Charnley Latin American Revolutions

Causes American Revolution Model for political separation from mother country French Revolution Model for promoting social equality Rejected by elites for being too radical Haitian Revolution How NOT to organize a revolution (ruling European elites were killed)

Haitian Revolution Social Structure ‘grands blancs’ European aristocrats ‘petits blancs’ Poor Europeans ‘gens de couleur’ Free mulattoes African slaves 90% of population

Haitian Revolution Slave Revolt French Revolution inspires European colonists to resist French rule African slaves revolt against French colonists European armies cannot adapt to guerrilla warfare or jungle climate Toussaint L’Overture Freed slave Enlightened leader ‘Black’ George Washington

Haitian Revolution Effects Only successful African slave revolt All citizens are legally and socially equal Killed or drove out Europeans Abolished cash crop economy Led to poverty and political corruption Caused fear of slave revolts among other European colonials Source of pride for African slaves

French Revolution Napoleonic Wars Lost control of Haiti to slave revolt by 1804 Invaded Spain in 1808 and replaced Spanish king with Napoleon’s brother Spanish rebellion against French rule Creole elites clashed with Spanish royal officials over control of the colonies Conquered parts of Germany and Italy Lost army in Russian invasion Failed to invade Great Britain Defeated by British led European coalition

Mexico Mexican Revolution Miguel de Hidalgo Creole priest United Creoles with mestizos and natives against Spanish rule Started rebellion in 1810 Lost support of Creoles and was executed by the Spanish Augustin de Iturbide Creole military leader Sent by Spanish to destroy rebels Allied with rebels to capture Mexico City Established a monarchy Mexican Empire = Mexico and Central America Replaced by Republic of Mexico in 1824 Central America separates into independent countries in 1838

South America Simon Bolivar Creole military leader Led rebellion against Spain from Supported political independence and republicanism Gran Colombia Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador Split up in 1830

Argentina Granted autonomy by Spain in 1810 Declared independence in 1816 Spain still controlled Bolivia Paraguay declared independence in 1813 Uruguay resisted Argentinean control

Argentina Jose de San Martin Led revolutionary movements from Argentina Liberated Chile Liberated Peru Allied with Simon Bolivar Battle of Ayacucho Won over support of Peruvian Creole elites

Brazil Economic Importance Portuguese dependence on Brazilian cash crops Colonial elites feared political change would lead to social uprisings by the African slaves Political Shift French invaded Portugal in 1807 Portuguese royal government sets up in Brazil Mercantilist trade ban is lifted

Brazil Dom Joao VI King of Portugal Set up royal court in Rio de Janeiro Returned to Portugal in 1820 after Napoleon’s defeat Dom Pedro I Made regent of Brazil in 1820 Declared Brazil independent in 1822 Set up constitutional monarchy Did not change political or social structures Monarchy Slavery

Effects Ideology Based on Enlightenment ideals Representative government Free trade Individual liberties Sovereign and independent states

Effects Political structure Led to creation of republics Only Mexico and Brazil remained monarchies Voting still restricted to males Creole elites believed masses were not ready for self-rule

Effects Social Structure Preserved taxation on mixed-race citizens American Indians still paid tribute to government Creole elites did not trust mixed- race or American Indian populace Preserved power of the Catholic Church