Chapter 1

Chp. 1 Vocabulary 1. State 2. Nation 3. Sovereignty 4. Government 5. Social contract 6. Constitution 7. Industrialized nation 8. Developing nation 9. Politics 10. Autocracy 11. Monarchy 12. Oligarchy 13. Democracy 14. Republic 15. Political party 16. Free enterprise 17. Capitalism 18. Communism 19. Free market 20. Socialism

1-1: Principles of Government State: a political community with definite boundaries & an independent gov’t. State: a political community with definite boundaries & an independent gov’t. Nation: a group of people united by culture. What is culture? Ex: race, language, customs, traditions & religion. Nation: a group of people united by culture. What is culture? Ex: race, language, customs, traditions & religion. Population: all the people who live in the state. Population: all the people who live in the state. Territory: the area within est. boundaries. This can be a source of conflict. Territory: the area within est. boundaries. This can be a source of conflict.

1-1: Principles of Government Sovereignty: (self-rule) the authority to conduct internal affairs without seeking approval from a higher authority. Sovereignty: (self-rule) the authority to conduct internal affairs without seeking approval from a higher authority. Government: the institution through which a state maintains social order, provides public services, and enforces the nation’s laws. Government: the institution through which a state maintains social order, provides public services, and enforces the nation’s laws.

Theories of the Origin of the State Evolutionary: some scholars believe that the state evolved from the family. Evolutionary: some scholars believe that the state evolved from the family. Force: believes that gov’t. emerged when all people of an area were brought under the authority of one person or group. Force: believes that gov’t. emerged when all people of an area were brought under the authority of one person or group. Divine Right: the idea that the Gods have chosen certain people to rule by divine right has been important in many civilizations. Divine Right: the idea that the Gods have chosen certain people to rule by divine right has been important in many civilizations.

Theories of the Origin of the State Social Contract: This theory opposed the Divine Right Theory. Thomas Hobbes believed in a “state of nature”, no gov’t. existed. By contract, people surrendered to the state the power needed to maintain order. In return, the state agreed to protect its citizens. He believed people did not have the right to break this agreement. Social Contract: This theory opposed the Divine Right Theory. Thomas Hobbes believed in a “state of nature”, no gov’t. existed. By contract, people surrendered to the state the power needed to maintain order. In return, the state agreed to protect its citizens. He believed people did not have the right to break this agreement. John Locke agreed with Hobbes but felt that when the gov’t. failed to preserve the rights of the people, then the people could justly break the contract and overthrow the gov’t. John Locke agreed with Hobbes but felt that when the gov’t. failed to preserve the rights of the people, then the people could justly break the contract and overthrow the gov’t.

1-2: The Formation of Governments Unitary System: central/national gov’t. has supreme power. Unitary System: central/national gov’t. has supreme power. Preamble: states the goals & purposes of gov’t. Preamble: states the goals & purposes of gov’t. Politics: the effort to control or influence gov’t. conduct & policies. Provides a peaceful way for society to manage conflict & competition. Politics: the effort to control or influence gov’t. conduct & policies. Provides a peaceful way for society to manage conflict & competition. Federal System: constitution. Federal System: constitution. central & regional gov’t. share powers. The U.S. Constitution created a federal system. central & regional gov’t. share powers. The U.S. Constitution created a federal system. Constitution: a plan of gov’t. The gov’t. must accept that its powers are clearly limited by the constitution. Constitution: a plan of gov’t. The gov’t. must accept that its powers are clearly limited by the constitution.

1-3: Types of Gov’t. Aristotle : an ancient Greek philosopher, identified 3 types of gov’ts. Aristotle : an ancient Greek philosopher, identified 3 types of gov’ts. 1. Autocracy : military, police rule (rule by one person) 2. Oligarchy : rule by a few people 3. Democracy : rule by many people.

1-3: Types of Gov’t. In the U.S. we have a representative democracy. We elect people to represent us, representatives to whom we delegate the power to govern. In the U.S. we have a representative democracy. We elect people to represent us, representatives to whom we delegate the power to govern. The U.S. is a republic, a representative democracy in which the people elect lawmakers and a head of state. The U.S. is a republic, a representative democracy in which the people elect lawmakers and a head of state.

1-3: Types of Gov’t. Democracy has 4 characteristics: Democracy has 4 characteristics: 1. Promotes equal opportunity for all people. 2. Based on a majority rule with minority rights. 3. Requires elections where each person’s vote is equal & cast by secret ballot. 4. Allows competing political parties to give voters a choice.

1-4: Economic Theories The world’s 3 major economic systems are: capitalism, socialism, & communism. The world’s 3 major economic systems are: capitalism, socialism, & communism. CAPITALISM has 5 characteristics : CAPITALISM has 5 characteristics : 1. Private ownership of property & resources 2. Free enterprise 3. Business competition 4. Freedom of choice 5. Possibility of profits

1-4: Economic Theories The U.S. is a mixed-market economy, one in which free enterprise (capitalism) is combined with & supported by gov’t. influences. The U.S. is a mixed-market economy, one in which free enterprise (capitalism) is combined with & supported by gov’t. influences.

1-4: Economic Theories Socialism has 3 goals: Socialism has 3 goals: 1. Public ownership of most land & the means of production. 2. Gov’t. control over most economic decisions. 3. Equal distribution of wealth. Socialists believe that workers should share equally in the benefits of production. Opponents say that socialism stifles individual initiative & hinders economic growth through high taxes. Socialists believe that workers should share equally in the benefits of production. Opponents say that socialism stifles individual initiative & hinders economic growth through high taxes.

1-4: Economic Theories Communism: historically is a struggle between 2 classes, the people who own the means of production & the workers. Communism: historically is a struggle between 2 classes, the people who own the means of production & the workers. This struggle will end in a revolution, when one class will evolve. This struggle will end in a revolution, when one class will evolve. Property will be held in common & there will be no need for gov’t. Property will be held in common & there will be no need for gov’t. In Communist systems of today, all decisions are made at the upper levels of gov’t.. In Communist systems of today, all decisions are made at the upper levels of gov’t..