Empires and the Age of Imperialism: Egypt, The Ottoman Empire, and Russia

The Ottoman Empire Egypt ◦ Napoleon's Withdraws (1789) ◦ Muhammad Ali comes to power  Modernizes Egypt ◦ Khedives ◦ Responses to the West

Ottoman Reforms and the European Model End of 18 th c. Sultan Selmi III ◦ Reforms : military, government, taxes, land ◦ Not popular with certain groups Janissary revolt in Serbia (1805) (1806) Selim suspends reform program ◦ Too late -> massive uprising -> Selim executed Greek independence (1829) Serbian independence (1867)

Ottoman Reforms and the European Model Sultan Mahumud II – further reforms Abdul Mejid introduces Tanzimat (restructuring) reforms in 1839 ◦ Military ◦ Education ◦ Language ◦ Clothing ◦ Public rights (men vs. women)

Crimean War Russia expands southward Alliance between GB, Fr, Ottoman Empire defeat Russia C. War leads to military reform for all combatants – traditional to modern warfare

Ottoman Empire Compromised Ottoman continue to follow European model Ottoman face economic problems Concerns that Ottoman is no longer Islamic Young Ottoman/Young Turks take power ◦ Work to make Turkish national state in place to Ottoman empire ◦ 1876 Constitution adopted ◦ 1908 coup ◦ Ottoman continues its slow decline until 1922 (after WWI)

Russia

The Russian Empire Russia and Europe ◦ 1700 – 3% of population lived in cities ◦ Slow to modernize ◦ Closer to Europe than Ottoman ◦ Debate about future of Russia ◦ Diplomatic relations with the West

Problems with modernization Autocratic rule Failure to solve problems Serfdom

Russia and Asia Expanded to China Conflicts British interventions

Cultural Trends Cultural contact with Europe since 17 th c. Opposition to reforms from Alexander I Decembrist Revolt Penalties from end of Crimean War

Alexander II ◦ Law codes ◦ Zemstoves ◦ Military ◦ Education ◦ Women

Limits of Reform Limits ◦ Autocracy ◦ Peasant hardships ◦ Education 1904 Defeat in Russo-Japanese War 1904 Revolution