Mental Functioning Ontology and the ICF Barry Smith October 1, 2012

Basic Formal Ontology 2 BFO:Entity BFO:Continuant BFO:Occurrent BFO:Process BFO:Independent Continuant BFO BFO:Dependent Continuant BFO:Disposition

Basic Formal Ontology and Mental Functioning Ontology (MFO) 3 BFO:Entity BFO:Continuant BFO:Occurrent BFO:Process Organism BFO:Independent Continuant BFO MFO BFO:Dependent Continuant Behaviour inducing state Mental Functioning Related Anatomical Structure Cognitive Representation BFO:Quality Affective Representation Mental Process Bodily Process BFO:Disposition

Basic Formal Ontology and Mental Functioning Ontology (MFO) 4 BFO:Entity BFO:Continuant BFO:Occurrent BFO:Process Organism BFO:Independent Continuant BFO MFO BFO:Dependent Continuant Behaviour inducing state Mental Functioning Related Anatomical Structure Cognitive Representation BFO:Quality Affective Representation Mental Process Bodily Process BFO:Disposition

Functions vs. Functionings Continuants vs. Occurrents 55 BFO:Entity BFO:Continuant BFO:Occurrent BFO:Process Organism BFO:Independent Continuant BFO MFO BFO:Dependent Continuant Mental Function Cognitive Representation BFO:Quality Mental Process Bodily Process BFO:Disposition Mental Functioning

Aboutness (‘Intentionality’) 6 BFO:Entity BFO:Continuant BFO:Occurrent BFO:Process Organism BFO:Independent Continuant BFO MFO BFO:Dependent Continuant Mental Function Cognitive Representation BFO:Quality Mental Process Bodily Process BFO:Disposition Mental Functioning does all mental functioning involve cognitive representation (aboutness)? what is aboutness?

Mental Functioning Ontology (MF) 7

Linguistic Functioning Ontology (1. Speech and hearing) 8 8 BFO:Entity BFO:Continuant BFO:Occurrent BFO:Process BFO:Independent Continuant BFO MFO BFO:Dependent Continuant Behaviour inducing state Cognitive Representation BFO:Quality Speech- mediated cognitive representation Speech process Bodily Process BFO:Disposition Linguistic competence Speech competence of a population = a [spoken] language Speech competence of an individual Hearing (registering) process

Linguistic Functioning Ontology (2. Reading and writing) 9 9 BFO:Entity BFO:Continuant BFO:Occurrent BFO:Process BFO:Independent Continuant BFO MFO BFO:Dependent Continuant Behaviour inducing state Cognitive Representation BFO:Quality Written- language- mediated cognitive representation Writing process Bodily Process BFO:Disposition Linguistic competence Written linguistic competence of a population = a [written] language Written linguistic competence of an individual Reading (registering) process

Linguistic Functioning Ontology (the whole thing) 10 BFO:Entity BFO:Continuant BFO:Occurrent BFO:Process BFO:Independent Continuant BFO MFO BFO:Dependent Continuant Behaviour inducing state Cognitive Representation BFO:Quality Language- mediated cognitive representation Writing Bodily Process BFO:Disposition Linguistic competence Linguistic competence of a population = a language Linguistic competence of an individual Reading Speaking

How to build MF ± Language First idea: Along what dimensions human beings can depart from normal (‘canonical’) mental and linguistic functioning? 11

12 from WHO | World Health Organization

For ICD mental function is a subtype of body function ICD definition of ‘Body functions’: Body functions are the physiological functions of body systems (including psychological functions). Impairments are problems in body function or structure as a significant deviation or loss. 13

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Definition of ‘Mental Functions’ Definitions: 'This chapter is about the functions of the brain: both global mental functions, such as consciousness, energy and drive, and specific mental functions, such as memory, language and calculation mental functions.' 16

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Quality ≠ Function 19

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Dreaming? 22

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Ontological traffic rule: always use singular nouns 27

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Mental Functioning Ontology (MF) 30

Mental Functioning Ontology (MF) 31

Definitions: 'Specific mental functions of focusing on an external stimulus or internal experience for the required period of time.' 32

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Mental Functioning Ontology (MF) 34 brain in endocrine gland

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Mental Functioning Ontology (MF) 36

Mental Functioning Ontology (MF) 37 brain in olfactory system

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Mental Functioning Ontology (MF) 39 brain in olfactory system

Again, confusion of function and quality 40

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Integrative language functions Definitions: 'Mental functions that organize semantic and symbolic meaning, grammatical structure and ideas for the production of messages in spoken, written or other forms of language.' 42

WHO ICF Pro Performs an amazingly difficult task of unifying public data across the planet (Versions in 5 different languages, plus Youth Version) Serves billing task in US 43

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WHO ICF Con Use of ‘other’ and other features make it is not future proof (will not evolve gracefully with advances in neuroscience Poor or absent definitions will mean inconsistent annotation of data Lack of logical definitions would mean poor support for computational reasoning with data that is annotated 45

Strategy for MF Ontology Ensure that the ontology is developed in conformity with basic biology ontologies such as the Gene Ontology Provide human-readable definitions for each term to ensure consistent annotation Provide logical definitions to support reasoning with data 46

47 Examples from MF-Emotion Ontology

48 ‘emotion process’

need link to a physiology ontology 49 ‘physiological response to emotion’