Key RO Advances Observation –Lower tropospheric penetration (open loop / demodulation) –Larger number of profiles (rising & setting) –Detailed precision analysis (collocated soundings) –Reduced latency –Ionospheric biases - effect of solar cycle on temp. retrieval Atmospheric science –Global maps of ABL height (seasonal variation) –Stratospheric wave detection / Gravity wave –Detailed tropopause studies / double tropopause –Initial climate trend comparisons –Detection of Atmospheric tides –New ionospheric features (caves / bays …) –Pre - seismic ionospheric anomalies ????

Limitations of RO to date Too few soundings (limited by # of sats / # transmitters / antenna patterns / firmware / hardware) –Limits impact on weather forecasting –Limited impact at the mesoscale –Lack of resolving power for certain atmos. features (i.e. in the ABL maps / Water vapor maps) –Ionosphere coverage still sparse

Limitations of RO up to date (b) Limitations in data latency (currently ~80% < 3 hours) –Too slow for space weather (want 10 min) –Too slow for next gen. weather prediction update cycles (want < 1 hour)

Limitations of RO up to date (c) Data quality limitations –Remaining unexplained biases in lower troposphere observation noise related atmospheric propagation effects –Biases in stratosphere ionospheric effects orbit / attitude / PCV / multipath limitations –Height range for climate monitoring is presently limited (8 -25 km)

New Science with COSMIC II Science at CDAAC –Improved Quality - what can be done –Increased Quantity - how to maximize –Improved Inversion Algorithms (Weather / Climate / Ionosphere) –New Products (Level III) Science from other groups using these data –Weather / Storm forecasting –Climate monitoring / Model evaluation –Ionospheric forecasting and monitoring –“New phenomena”

COSMIC II Improvements - Quantity More satellites (~12) More transmitters (GPS + Galileo + GLONASS + BeiDou?) Better antenna FoV or beam steering Firmware + Hardware (CPU + RAM) improvements With 12 satellites we expect: 12*600*2 = 14,400 soundings / day OSSEs need to be conducted if this is a good number

COSMIC II Improvements - Quality (rx & ant.) Better antenna - Beam steering for better gain (LT bias reduction) Multiple correlators - maximized signal strength for lower troposphere tracking (LT bias reduction) USO - allows zero-differencing (noise reduction in stratosphere) Additional Frequencies (L5 + new Galileo bands) potential for improved iono. correction / orbit improvement

COSMIC II Improvements - Quality (s/c) Better attitude control & knowledge (reduce satellite velocity errors - better stratospheric data) Antenna PCV specification relative to s/c center of mass Need to avoid SNR drops observed during COSMIC - not fully understood yet - should monitor antenna temperatures Optimize the constellation km? 12 planes? 6 low-latitude orbit(s) ? Inclination 72 degrees ? Additional payloads ? Magnetometer, Langmuir probe, Laser reflector, ….

COSMIC II Improvements - Algorithms Weather –Reduce effect of noise and non-spherical irregularities on retrieved profiles –Alternative initialization maybe develop bending angle climatology –RH processing in tropopause region? Climate –Inverting zonal averaged bending angles –Optimize different initialization for weather and climate processing Ionosphere –Horizontal gradients, localizing scintillation, tomography..

COSMIC II Improvements - New Data Products (Level III) ABL (already done but different approaches + quantity will change the impact of this product) Characterization of moist tropospheric convection Tropopause (Height, Temp, Structure ?) Scintillation product (S4, lat, lon, height) ? Dry Turbulence (not yet demonstrated) Characterization of Gravity waves - in stratosphere and ionosphere? E-layer characterization

New Science that we will purse with the improved COSMIC II observations –Weather / Storm forecasting –Climate monitoring / Model evaluation –Ionospheric forecasting and monitoring –“New phenomena” –…….