Chapter 23: Electric Field 23-3 Coulomb’s Law 23-4 Electric Field 23-6 Electric field lines 23-7 Motion of charged particles in a uniform electric field Mother and daughter are both enjoying the effects of electrically charging their bodies. Each individual hair on their heads becomes charged and exerts a repulsive force on the other hairs, resulting in the “stand-up’’ hairdos that you see here. (Courtesy of Resonance Research Corporation) Fig 23CO, p.707

INTRODUCTION

Figure 23.2 When a glass rod is rubbed with silk, electrons are transferred from the glass to the silk. Because of conservation of charge, each electron adds negative charge to the silk, and an equal positive charge is left behind on the rod. Also, because the charges are transferred in discrete bundles, the charges on the two objects are +/-e, or +/-2e, or +/-3e, and so on. Fig 23-2, p.708

Negatively charged rubber rod suspended by a thread is attracted to a positively charged glass rod. (b) A negatively charged rubber rod is repelled by another negatively charged rubber rod. Figure 23.1 (a) A negatively charged rubber rod suspended by a thread is attracted to a positively charged glass rod. (b) A negatively charged rubber rod is repelled by another negatively charged rubber rod. Fig 23-1, p.708

Charging a metallic object by induction (that is, the two objects never touch each other). (a) A neutral metallic sphere, with equal numbers of positive and negative charges. (b) The electrons on the neutral sphere are redistributed when a charged rubber rod is placed near the sphere. (c) When the sphere is grounded, some of its electrons leave through the ground wire. (d) When the ground connection is removed, the sphere has excess positive charge that is nonuniformly distributed. (e) When the rod is removed, the remaining electrons redistribute uniformly and there is a net uniform distribution of positive charge on the sphere. Figure 23.4 Charging a metallic object by induction (that is, the two objects never touch each other). (a) A neutral metallic sphere, with equal numbers of positive and negative charges. (b) The electrons on the neutral sphere are redistributed when a charged rubber rod is placed near the sphere. (c) When the sphere is grounded, some of its electrons leave through the ground wire. (d) When the ground connection is removed, the sphere has excess positive charge that is nonuniformly distributed. (e) When the rod is removed, the remaining electrons redistribute uniformly and there is a net uniform distribution of positive charge on the sphere. Fig 23-4, p.710

(a) The charged object on the left induces a charge distribution on the surface of an insulator due to realignment of charges in the molecules. Figure 23.5 (a) The charged object on the left induces a charge distribution on the surface of an insulator due to realignment of charges in the molecules. Fig 23-5a, p.710

Figure 23.5 (b) A charged comb attracts bits of paper because charges in molecules in the paper are realigned. Fig 23-5b, p.710

Table 23-1, p.712

When the charges are of the same sign, the force is repulsive. Two point charges separated by a distance r exert a force on each other that is given by Coulomb’s law. The force F21 exerted by q2 on q1 is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force F12 exerted by q1 on q2. When the charges are of the same sign, the force is repulsive. (b) When the charges are of opposite signs, the force is attractive. Figure 23.7 Two point charges separated by a distance r exert a force on each other that is given by Coulomb’s law. The force F21 exerted by q2 on q1 is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force F12 exerted by q1 on q2. (a) When the charges are of the same sign, the force is repulsive. (b) When the charges are of opposite signs, the force is attractive. Fig 23-7, p.713

Figure 23.7 Two point charges separated by a distance r exert a force on each other that is given by Coulomb’s law. The force F21 exerted by q2 on q1 is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force F12 exerted by q1 on q2. (a) When the charges are of the same sign, the force is repulsive. Fig 23-7a, p.713

and directed along the line joining them; Coulomb’s experiments showed that the electric force between two stationary charged particles • is inversely proportional to the square of the separation r between the particles and directed along the line joining them; • is proportional to the product of the charges q1 and q2 on the two particles; • is attractive if the charges are of opposite sign and repulsive if the charges have the same sign. Charles Coulomb French physicist (1736–1806)

The value of the Coulomb constant ke depends on the choice of units The value of the Coulomb constant ke depends on the choice of units. The SI unit of charge is the coulomb (C). The Coulomb constant ke in SI units has the value ke = 8.9875 x109 N.m2/C2

The electron and proton of a hydrogen atom are separated (on the average) by a distance of approximately 5.3 x10-11 m. Find the magnitudes of the electric force and the gravitational force between the two particles. Using Newton’s law of gravitation Thus, the gravitational force between charged atomic particles is negligible when compared with the electric force.

* The gravitational field g at a point in space, g = Fg / m. * An electric field is said to exist in the region of space around a charged object. When another charged object enters this electric field, an electric force acts on it. The vector E has the SI units of newtons per coulomb (N/C),

When a particle of charge q and mass m is placed in an electric field E, the electric force exerted on the charge is qE. If this is the only force exerted on the particle, it must be the net force and so must cause the particle to accelerate. In this case, Newton’s second law applied to the particle gives; Fe = qE = ma The acceleration of the particle is therefore a = qE/m If E is uniform (that is, constant in magnitude and direction), then the acceleration is constant. If the particle has a positive charge, then its acceleration is in the direction of the electric field. If the particle has a negative charge, then its acceleration is in the direction opposite the electric field.

A positive point charge q of mass m is released from rest in a uniform electric field E directed along the x axis. Describe its motion. we can apply the equations of kinematics in one dimension Taking xi = 0 and vxi = o

The kinetic energy of the charge after it has moved a distance x = xf-xi, is We can also obtain this result from the work–kinetic energy theorem because the work done by the electric force is Fex = qEx and W = ∆K

An electron enters the region of a uniform electric field with vo=3 An electron enters the region of a uniform electric field with vo=3.00x106 m/s and E= 200 N/C. The horizontal length of the plates is l = 0.100 m. (a) Find the acceleration of the electron while it is in the electric field. (b) Find the time it takes the electron to travel through the field. (c) What is the vertical displacement y of the electron while it is in the field? If the separation between the plates is less than this, the electron will strike the positive plate.

Electric charges have the following important properties: • Unlike charges attract one another, and like charges repel one another. • Charge is conserved. • Charge is quantized—that is, it exists in discrete packets that are some integral multiple of the electronic charge. Conductors are materials in which charges move freely. Insulators are materials in which charges do not move freely.

where ˆr is a unit vector directed from the charge to the point in question. The electric field is directed radially outward from a positive charge and radially inward toward a negative charge. The electric field due to a group of point charges can be obtained by using the superposition principle. That is, the total electric field at some point equals the vector sum of the electric fields of all the charges:

Electric field lines describe an electric field in any region of space Electric field lines describe an electric field in any region of space. The number of lines per unit area through a surface perpendicular to the lines is proportional to the magnitude of E in that region. A charged particle of mass m and charge q moving in an electric field E has an acceleration

23-7; Three point charges are located at the corners of an equilateral triangle. Calculate the net electric force on the 7.00 uC charge.

23-7; Three point charges are located at the corners of an equilateral triangle. Calculate the net electric force on the 7.00 uC charge.

23-8: Two small beads having positive charges 3q and q are fixed at the opposite ends of a horizontal insulating rod extending from the origin to the point x =d. a third small charged bead is free to slide on the rod. At what position is the third bead in equilibrium? Can it be in stable equilibrium?

23-8: Two small beads having positive charges 3q and q are fixed at the opposite ends of a horizontal insulating rod extending from the origin to the point x =d. a third small charged bead is free to slide on the rod. At what position is the third bead in equilibrium? Can it be in stable equilibrium?

Problem 23-12; An object having a net charge of 24 Problem 23-12; An object having a net charge of 24.0 C is placed in a uniform electric field of 610 N/C that is directed vertically. What is the mass of this object if it “floats” in the field?

Problem 23-12; An object having a net charge of 24 Problem 23-12; An object having a net charge of 24.0 C is placed in a uniform electric field of 610 N/C that is directed vertically. What is the mass of this object if it “floats” in the field?

3-18; Two 2. 00uC point charges are located on the x axis 3-18; Two 2.00uC point charges are located on the x axis. One is at x = 1.00 m, and the other is at x =- 1.00 m. (a) Determine the electric field on the y axis at y =0.500 m. (b) Calculate the electric force on a - 3.00uC charge placed on the y axis at y = 0.500 m.

3-18; Two 2. 00uC point charges are located on the x axis 3-18; Two 2.00uC point charges are located on the x axis. One is at x = 1.00 m, and the other is at x =- 1.00 m. (a) Determine the electric field on the y axis at y =0.500 m. (b) Calculate the electric force on a - 3.00uC charge placed on the y axis at y = 0.500 m.

23-41; An electron and a proton are each placed at rest in an electric field of 520 N/C. Calculate the speed of each particle 48.0 ns after being released.

23-41; An electron and a proton are each placed at rest in an electric field of 520 N/C. Calculate the speed of each particle 48.0 ns after being released.

23-44; The electrons in a particle beam each have a kinetic energy of 1.60 x 10-17 J. What are the magnitude and direction of the electric field that stops these electrons in a distance of 10.0 cm?

23-44; The electrons in a particle beam each have a kinetic energy of 1.60 x 10-17 J. What are the magnitude and direction of the electric field that stops these electrons in a distance of 10.0 cm?

مثال 23-13:يتحرك جسم مشحون بشحنة موجبة مقدارها q وكتلته m خلال مجال كهربي منتظم E، كما هو موضح بالرسم فإذا كانت سرعته الابتدائية vo أوصف حركة الجسم؛ تعتبر حركة الجسم حركة خطية بسيطة Simple Linear Motion F = qE = ma → a = qE/m v = vo + at X = vot + ½ a t2 V2 = vo2 + 2ax Figure 23.25 (Example 23.10) A positive point charge q in a uniform electric field E undergoes constant acceleration in the direction of the field. x = 0 → vo = 0 x= ½ a t2 = qEt2/2m الأزاحة v=at = qEt/m & V2=2ax = 2qEx/m K = ½ mv2 = ½ m 2qEx/m = qEx الطاقة الحركية Fig 23-25, p.726

vx= v0 ثابت= & vy=at= eEt/m 23-7 حركة جسيم مشحون بمجال كهربي منتظم Motion of charged particles in a uniform electric field تكافئ حركة الجسم الموضحة بالرسم حركة المقذوفات بمجال الجاذبية F = qE = ma ويكون تسارع الجسم المشحون هو a= qE/m * يكون تسارع الجسم باتجاه المحال للشحنة الموجبة وعكس اتجاه المجال للشحنة السالبة E (x, y) Figure 23.26 An electron is projected horizontally into a uniform electric field produced by two charged plates. The electron undergoes a downward acceleration (opposite E), and its motion is parabolic while it is between the plates. يتحرك ألكترون خلال مجال كهربي منتظم E فأن: a’= - eE/m j’ vx= v0 ثابت= & vy=at= eEt/m x=vot & y = ½ at2 = - eEt2/2m Fig 23-26, p.726

Figure 23. 27 Schematic diagram of a cathode ray tube Figure 23.27 Schematic diagram of a cathode ray tube. Electrons leaving the cathode C are accelerated to the anode A. In addition to accelerating electrons, the electron gun is also used to focus the beam of electrons, and the plates deflect the beam. Figure 23.27 Schematic diagram of a cathode ray tube. Electrons leaving the cathode C are accelerated to the anode A. In addition to accelerating electrons, the electron gun is also used to focus the beam of electrons, and the plates deflect the beam. Fig 23-27, p.728