THE LINKAGES BETWEEN LIVELIHOODS AND GENDER CONCEPTS

WHAT IS THE MEANING OF LIVELIHOODS? LIVELIHOODS ARE THE MECHANISMS UNDER WHICH THE HOUSEHOLD COVERS ITS NEEDS AND COPE WITH EXTERNAL SHOCKS.

WHAT IS THE SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS APPROACH? * AN ANALYTICAL APPROACH WHICH USES LIVELIHOODS ANALYSIS AS THE BASIS FOR PROJECTS AND POLICY FORMULATION * LIVELIHOODS ANALYSIS IS UNDERTAKEN WITHIN THE VULNERABILITY CONTEXT OF THE GROUPS AFFECTED AND * WITHIN THE GIVEN MACRO-ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK OF THE COUNTRY

LIVELIHOODS ANALYSIS THE UNIT OF ANALYSIS IS THE HOUSEHOLD EXPLORES THE ASSETS/RESOURCES WHICH THE HOUSEHOLD HAS AT ITS DISPOSAL TO ENSURE SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS: HUMAN CAPITAL NATURAL CAPITAL FINANCIAL CAPITAL SOCIAL CAPITAL PHYSICAL CAPITAL HUMAN CAPITAL NATURAL CAPITAL FINANCIAL CAPITAL SOCIAL CAPITAL PHYSICAL CAPITAL

SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS FRAMEWORK

GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS APPROACHES (SLA) A. BE PEOPLE CENTRED B. BE HOLISTIC C. USE MICRO-MACRO LINKS D. AIM AT SUSTAINIBILITY

SUITABLE ELEMENTS FROM THE SLA TO DISASTER ’ S MATTERS a. SLAS REQUIRE A MORE SYSTEMATIC ASSESSMENT OF THE VULNERABILITY AND ASSETS OF PEOPLE WHICH MAKES IT EASIER TO IDENTIFY MORE APPROPRIATE ENTRY POINTS. B.APPLYING THE SLA FRAMEWORK REVEALS HOW THE INABILITY OF THE POOR TO COPE WITH EXTERNAL SHOCKS INCREASES VULNERABILITY C.SLAS ALSO IMPROVE THE RELEVANCE OF INTERVENTIONS WITH A POVERTY FOCUS.

FROM OVERARCHING LESSONS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SLA APROACHES A.DEVELOP A SHARED VISION OF CHANGE…..THE POOR HAVE PROBLEMS AND WEAKNESSES. THEY ALSO HAVE STRENGTHS AND OPPORTUNITIES, AND THEY OFTEN HAVE CLEAR ASPIRATIONS OF WHERE THEY WANT TO BE IN THE FUTURE. B.DATA PRODUCED FROM LIVELIHOODS ANALYSES SHOULD ALWAYS BE DISAGGREGATED BY GENDER, AGE AND SOCIO ECONOMIC STRATUM.

FRAMEWORK FOR THE SOCIAL DIMENSION OF VULNERABILITY TO A NATURAL DISASTER

RESILIENCE DEFINED “THE CAPACITY OF A SYSTEM, COMMUNITY OR SOCIETY, POTENTIALLY EXPOSED TO HAZARDS TO ADAPT, BY RESISTING OR CHANGING IN ORDER TO REACH AND MAINTAIN AN ACCEPTABLE LEVEL OF FUNCTIONING AND STRUCTURE.”

SOCIO ECONOMIC FEATURES OF THE REGIONS AFFECTED BY THE HURRICANE STAN IN GUATEMALA 1. - HIGH INCIDENCE OF POVERTY: 61,4% 2. - IN INDIGENOUS-HEADED HOUSEHOLD EXTREME POVERTY IS 30.8%, IN NON- INDIGENOUS HOUSEHOLDS IS 12.9% 3. - HIGH MARGINALIZATION OF POOR PEOPLE (HIGH PERCENTAGE OF INDIGENOUS POPULATION: MORE THEN 60%. IN SOLOLÁ 95%) 4. - LOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ( HDI FOR INDIGENOUS POPULATION UNDER THE NATIONAL AVERAGE)

SOCIO ECONOMIC FEATURES OF THE REGIONS AFFECTED BY THE HURRICANE STAN IN GUATEMALA ARE: 1. EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN UNDER THE NATIONAL AVERAGE. 2. HIGH PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLDS HEADED BY WOMEN (16 % - 30%) 3. HIGH PERCENTAGE OF RURAL HOUSEHOLDS WITH SMALL LAND ASSETS (SUBSISTENCE FARMING) 4. FRAGILE SOCIAL FABRIC BECAUSE OF MIGRATION, MARGINALIZATION AND SOCIAL PRESSURE. 5. HIGH DEGRADATION OF ECOSYSTEMS. 6. SMALL BUSINESSES (SUBSISTENCE ECONOMY) IN THE HOUSEHOLDS, WITHOUT INSURANCES. HIGH VULNERABILITY !!

EFFECTS OF DISASTER IN AFFECTED REGIONS IN GUATEMALA DESTRUCTION OF 5475 HOUSINGS LOSS OF 800 SMALL BUSINESSES 165 SCHOOL AND 122 CHURCHES WERE USED AS SHELTERS 165 SCHOOL AND 122 CHURCHES WERE USED AS SHELTERS 4 MILLION Q. COSTS OF REPAIRING INCREASE OF CHILD WORK AND HIGH RISK OF SCHOOL DESERTION AS A RESULT OF LOW INCOME, JOB AND ASSETS LOSSES IN HOUSEHOLDS. THE SCHOOL DESERTION IS HIGHER AMONG GIRLS (THEY HAVE TO LOOK AFTER CHILDREN AND TO DO HOMEWORK: “ ANYWAY THE ONLY GOAL OF WOMEN IS TO GET MARRIED” )

EFFECTS OF DISASTER IN AFFECTED REGIONS IN GUATEMALA IN HEALTH SYSTEM: A. DAMAGES 3 MILLION Q B. LOSSES 79 MILLION Q LOSSES BY ATTENTION TO EMERGENCIES AND PREVENTION OF EPIDEMICS AMOUNT 96% OF TOTAL LOSSES.

WOMEN IN THE SLA ARE WOMEN THE HEADS OF HOUSEHOLDS? - IF NOT, DO WOMEN DO ANYTHING DIFFERENT IN THE HOUSEHOLD TO CONTRIBUTE TO HOUSEHOLD INCOME? - HOW HAVE THEY BEEN AFFECTED?

ENTRY POINT IN ANALYSIS OF FEMALE LIVELIHOODS IN AFFECTED REGIONS IN GUATEMALA IMPORTANT TASK OF WOMEN IS TO MAKE HANDCRAFTS, FABRICS AND HUIPILES (ETHNICAL COSTUME) HIGH PERCENTAGE OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE WITH HIGH CULTURAL IDENTITY (WOMEN WEAR HUIPILES DAILY ) Why? THESE ACTIVITIES ARE MEANS TO TRANSFER CULTURAL IDENTITY THESE ACTIVITIES ARE THEIR IMPORTANT SOURCE OF EARNINGS (WOMEN SELL PRODUCTS IN TOURIST PLACES)

WHAT IS THE IMPLICATIONS OF LOSSING LIVELIHOODS? SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY OF WOMEN AND BREAK IN TRANSFERENCE OF CULTURAL HERITAGE. BREAK OF THE COMMERCIAL CHAIN OF HANDCRAFTED PRODUCTS IN TOURIST MARKET. LOSSES OF DESTROYED HUIPILES, FABRICS AND HANDCRAFTED LOOMS COUNTED 42.9 MILLION Q. (CALCULATED ON THE BASIS OF DESTROYED HOMES IN REGIONS WITH MORE THAN 70% OF INDIGENOUS POPULATION AT MARKET PRICES) LOSSES OF DESTROYED HUIPILES, FABRICS AND HANDCRAFTED LOOMS COUNTED 42.9 MILLION Q. (CALCULATED ON THE BASIS OF DESTROYED HOMES IN REGIONS WITH MORE THAN 70% OF INDIGENOUS POPULATION AT MARKET PRICES)

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN DISASTERS (GUYANA)