Helena Yeung IB Psychology Y1 Anna Freud . Helena Yeung IB Psychology Y1

The Freud Family: Born on December 3, 1895. Parents: Martha and Sigmund Freud. She was the youngest of 6 children. 2 sisters: Mathilde and Sophie. 3 brothers: Oliver, Ernst, Jean Martin. She did not really get along with anyone in her family except for her father, Sigmund Freud.

Anna’s Education: Attended the Cottage Lyceum in Vienna, but got most of what she learned from her father or visitors to their home. Graduated in 1912 at 17. 1914: she passed an exam allowing her to become an apprentice in elementary school teaching. She went to England to improve her English and where she started as an apprentice.

Father Freud Daughter Freud http://www.freud.org.uk/anna3.jpg “…She became at very least her father's symbolic successor.” - Dr. C. George Boeree Father Freud http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/ni/el-profesor-freud.jpg

Psychoanalysis: Defined Psychoanalysis is a method of analyzing psychic phenomena and treating emotional disorders that involves treatment sessions during which the patient is encouraged to talk freely about personal experiences and especially about early childhood and dreams. In other words, it is the study of mental processes and behavior of human beings. It is used to treat mental illness and emotional disorders. It was created by Anna’s father Sigmend Freud

Sigmund Freud’s Theories: According to Sigmund Freud, childhood memories greatly affect a person as an adult, sometimes causing emotional disorders. If these stages are somehow interrupted, this can lead to mental illness during adulthood. Anna was very much influenced by her father’s work. She created child psychoanalysis, which is basically applying normal psychoanalysis to children and making use of some of her own theories.

Anna’s Theories: Anna believed that children go through several normal stages of psychological development. These stages can be seen through direct observation of a child. To treat children for certain mental illnesses and emotional problems, psychoanalysts must be aware of these stages and able to understand them.

Anna and Psychoanalysis: She was first seriously introduced to it in 1918 when her father began psychoanalyzing her. Both she and her father attended the International Psychoanalytical Congress at The Hague in 1920. In 1922 she presented her first paper, “Beating Fantasies and Daydreams” to the Vienna Psychoanalytical Society gaining her admission to it. 1923: she began her own child psychoanalysis practice and seminars on the subject at the Vienna Psychoanalytical Training Institute.

Anna and Psychoanalysis (cont.): 1927: Anna published her first book, Introduction to the Techniques of Child Analysis, a collection of lectures. 1927-1934: she fulfilled her duties as the General Secretary of the International Psychoanalytical Association, continuing with her practice and seminars, and taking care of her father who had developed cancer in 1923. 1935: she became director of the Vienna Psychoanalytical Training Institute and the following year her book, The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense was published. This was a study of “ways and means by which the ego wards off displeasure and anxiety.” Starting in the 1950’s Anna came to the U.S. to lecture and teach. 1970’s: she focused on the problems one has when working with emotionally deprived and socially disadvantaged children suffering from delays and digressions in development.

Anna Freud and the Ego Anna Freud Sigmund Freud Her father focused more on the unconscious id, but Anna put more emphasis on the Ego.

http://www.flickr.com/photos/thereisnocat/447795262/in/photostream/ “She described the ego as ‘the seat of observation’, i.e., the part of the personality which scans the internal world: thoughts, feelings, wishes, and impulses arising from the id, also the superego’s reaction to these and anticipates reactions from people in the external world, and the likely results of the expression of these id manifestations.”” -Rose Edgcumbe

“The ego’s only function is survival “The ego’s only function is survival. It must defend itself from dangers to that survival whether those dangers are from within or without. The conflict between the id and the superego represents a danger to survival.” -Richard M. Lerner Therefore, the ego develops DEFENSE MECHANISMS.

Signal Anxiety and Types of Anxiety "not directly a conflicted instinctual tension but a signal occurring in the ego of an anticipated instinctual tension". -Anna Freud Neurotic Anxiety Id-Ego Conflict. Moral Anxiety Ego-Superego conflict Reality Anxiety Ego-External World conflict

Defense mechanisms- Introduced by Anna Freud- Freud mentioned them, but Anna systematically organized them. Repression Displacement Denial Projection Reaction Formation Intellectualization Rationalization Sublimation Identification with the Aggressor Altruism Introduced by Anna Freud- When you identify with the person that is causing you anxiety Doing good deeds so you feel good about yourself.

Level One Defense Mechanisms When these mechanisms are dominant in a person, the person is usually crazy. But it’s normal in little children. DENIAL Refusal to accept something DISTORTION Reshaping external world to meet internal needs DELUSIONAL PROJECTION Delusions about reality

Level Two Defense Mechanisms More in adolescence than adulthood Overuse of these defense mechanisms leads to social undesirability and immaturity. Fantasy Projection Hypochondriasis Passive Aggression Acting out Idealization

Level Three Defense Mechanisms “Neurotic Defences” Short term effects, but when used as primary defense, will cause problems in the long term. Displacement Dissociation Isolation Reaction Formation Repression Regression

Level Four Defense Mechanisms Considered most mature Commonly found in emotionally healthy people. Integrates conflicting emotions and thoughts while still being effective. Altruism Anticipation Humor Identification Introjections Sublimation Suppression

Sigmund and Anna agreed here… All structures of personality (The Id, Ego, Superego) are present by the end of the phallic stage. A typical person establishes balance by the age of 5, so by the latency stage, the person’s ego can defend from anxiety.

WHY? Until…Adolescence “Anna Freud claimed that all people will have their balance destroyed in adolescence.” - Richard M. Lerner

Alteration in Drives you grow adult genital drives, and therefore the balance is disrupted. Called developmental disturbance because it in universal and inevitable. “The adolescent is necessarily involved ‘in dangers which did not exist before and with what he is not accustomed to deal. Since at this stage, he lives and functions still as a member of his family unit, he runs the risk of allowing the new genital urges to connect his old love objects, that is, his parents, brothers, sisters’” - Richard M. Lerner. Incest is unacceptable in most cultures, therefore, a defense against this must be formed, causing a personality change.

Alteration in Ego Organization- Intellectualization = talking back to your parents. Using intellectual reasons to justify one’s behavior The newfound drive causes the person much disturbance Leads to unpredictable behavior because the person tries all formerly useful defenses against the new urges Puts strain on the person because these formerly useful defenses are not as effective Develops defense mechanism- INTELLETUALIZATION

Alterations in Object Relation The chance of accidentally acting on the newfound genital drives is so large, that… “Nothing helps here except a complete discarding of the people who were important love objects of the child, that is, the parents.” - Anna Freud

And therefore causes….alteration in ideals and social relations Once having broken ties with parents, the adolescent has also changed all former ideals and views. Therefore- the adolescent is left without ideals or social ties. This causes the adolescent to find substitutes- friends. Can be justified, and the newfound genital drive (which is the cause for all the alterations) can possibly be dealt with in a way arguably less severe than incest.

Anna’s Establishments: 1938: Austria was taken over by the Nazis in 1938 forcing Anna and her family to leave for London. After the outbreak of the war in September of 1939 around the same time as the death of her father, Anna founded the Hampstead War Nursery that provided shelter for 80 children of single- parent families.

Anna’s Establishments (cont.) Her main objective for this nursery was for the children to “form attachments by providing continuity of relationships with the helpers and by encouraging mothers to visit as often as possible.” After the experience of running the nursery, Anna and a close friend, Dorothy Burlingham, published Young Children in War-time and Infants without Families about their studies of children under stress. In 1947 she and Kate Friedlaender opened the Hampstead Child Therapy Courses, training English and American child therapists. A children’s clinic followed it fives years later. Because she was training both English people and Americans, this helped to quickly spread her influence.

Anna’s Awards: Honorary Doctorate Examples: 1950: Clark University (where her father had lectured before.) 1972: A medical honorary doctorate given by Vienna University 1980: Harvard University. In 1967: she was given a C.B.E. by Queen Elizabeth II. In 1973 she was made honorary president the International Psychoanalytic Association. Two years after she was given her honorary doctorate from Harvard, on October 9th, Anna Freud died.

Research Methods She based her research on her father’s work. She worked as a teacher, therefore, has first hand observational experience with children Natural Experiments Long term study of patients- from childhood to adolescence. She encouraged pooling of information from all analysts

Limitations of her work- Like her father, her work cannot be falsified. Her view on adolescents is very stereotypical! Not all of them are like that. “Her work is an extensive theory and doctors regard clinical work over extensive theory therefore Anna Freud’s work isn’t that popular. Doctors prefer a simpler approach, but as we look into her theory, it’s clear that a too simple approach is inadequate.” -Edgcumbe

Works Cited Anna Freud Biographical Essay. (1998). Anna Freud. In Encyclopedia of World biography Supplement, Vol. 18. Gale Research [Web]. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. Retrieved November 21 1008, from http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/history Anna Freud. In Wikipedia [Web]. Media Wiki. Retrieved November 20 2008, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Freud Boeree, C. G. (1998). Anna Freud 1895-1982. Retrieved November 23, 2008, from Personality Theories Web site: http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/annafreud.html Defense Mechanism. In Wikipedia [Web]. Retrieved November 20 2008, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ego_defenses Edgcumbe, R. (2000). Anna Freud: A View of Development, Disturbance and Therapeutic Techniques. Routledge. Lerner, R. M. (2002). Concepts and Theories of Human Developement. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Life and Work of Anna Freud. Retrieved November 19, 2008, from Freud Museum London Web site: http://www.freud.org.uk/fmanna.htm Whetham, P (2006). Psychology. Melton, Australia: IBID.

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