Warm-up Break down this picture Take one minute to look at the photo graph Take 30 seconds to list all of things you see What do you think the subject of the photograph is? When and where in the past do you think the photograph was taken? How can you tell? How would you describe the photographer's point of view?

Warm-up Break down the following political cartoon do while I check your sub notes 1. List the objects, people or symbols you see in the cartoon. 2. What do you think each symbol means? 3. Describe the action taking place in the cartoon. 4. Are there words? Do they help to clarify the cartoon’s symbols? 5. In your opinion, what is the message of the cartoon? Do you think others will interpret it differently? Especially concerning how America colonized the west.

Ch. 13 sec 1 Immigration

Coming to America million Europeans immigrated to the United States By the late 1890s Most of the people are from Eastern or Southern Europe Places like, Italy, Greece, Austria-Hungry Russia and Serbia

Most immigrants came to the new world via steerage Steerage: The Cheapest accommodation on a steam ship. Read the Atlantic voyage section including the primary source on page 443 What are the descriptions that Edward Steiner describes?

Ellis Island Many new immigrants were first taken to Ellis Island The Island itself had a three story building that processed the new citizens. Each immigrant would have to go through series health exams before moving on into the country.

Ethnic Cities Immigrants lived in neighborhoods often separated into ethnic groups Little Italy or the Jewish Lower East Side How well immigrants adjusted depended on: 1. Learned English and adapted American culture 2. Market-able Skills or money 3. If they settled among members of their own ethnic group

Asian Immigration Angel Island Until 1910 Asian immigrants arrived in San Francisco at a two story shed. January 1910, California opened a barracks on Angel Island for Asian Immigration Most were young men and teens or twenties, who awaited the results of their immigrations hearings On the walls several immigrants wrote poems which have become known as angel Island poems

Nativism The extreme dislike of immigrants by native born people. Surfaced during the heavy wave of Irish and then Chinese and Jewish Led to anti-immigrant organizations like American Protective Association (anti- Catholic )

In the West Chinese Exclusion Act: 1882 Congress passed this act to barred Chinese immigration for 10 yrs and prevented Chinese already in the U.S. from becoming citizens.

Chapter 13 section 2 Urbanization

Growth of cities The physical appearance of cities changed dramatically. As land prices went up so did the emphasis on building Skyscrapers began to dot city sky line Louis Sullivan was the mind behind this movement.

Separation of classes High society: A small group in society established fashionable districts. Middle class: Generally workers in the industrial factories. Eventually they would move from the central city to escape the pollution. The working class: People who lived and worked in an urban environment, their major goal was to own a home. Lived in dark multi family apartments., Known as tenements.

Tenement houses As some in society were allowed to thrive and be comfortable falling under social Darwinism, most of the city population were poor immigrants. These immigrants settled into tenement houses. Tenement houses are large apartment building loaded with small rooms. Normally one small room would fit a family of 7 people or more. Tenement houses were know to be fire traps.

Urban problems Crime was a growing problem in cities. both major and minor crimes grew. Jacobb Riiis brought these issues along with housing problems in the other half.

Political machines As cites grew so did the corruption of local government. Political machines: were informal political group designed to gain an keep power because cities grown faster the government New city dwellers needs homes and jobs. The party bosses who controlled these machines were able to provide this. In exchange for votes.

Chapter 13 section 3 The guilded age

Gilded age The term was refined by the works of the popular Mark Twain The term refers to an item that looks like gold on the outside but is really cheap on the inside. Twain used this concept to refer to America at this time. The rich made things look good but in reality society was poor.

Social Darwinism A gentlemen by the name of Herbert Spencer took Charles Darwin’s idea of evolution and applied it to American society. This theory backed the concept of Laissez Faire and explained the social classes. People were simply poor, because they could not adapt to change as well as the rich.

Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth Carnegie took the idea of Social Darwinism and adapted it to his own ideas about society. It was his belief that those who were more fortunate should help the poor, instead of take advantage of them.

Social Gospel The idea that religion(Christianity )will be the force to change society, and people will try to help the poor. YMCA: (Young Men’s Christian Association) Went out and tried to young adult males off the streets. Putting them in Christian community center that increased literacy. Salvation Army: Worked to provide temporary homes food shelter and clothing for poor families as well as teach children.

Settlement Houses To fight the rise of tenement houses in lower class areas we saw the growth of settlement houses. Provided cheap housing to poor workers. Child care for parents that were away at work. Small education programs and community events. Jane Adams ran the most famous settlement house known as Hull House.

Problems with government Because Political machines controlled most major cities many government appointments were based who that appointee knew, not what their skill was. This was known as the spoil system This meant you could be chief of police just because you were good friends with the governor. This meant party bosses could control cities completely.

Pendleton Act James Garfield was elected President, when he came to office he tried to cut his ties with the powerful political machines of New York Garfield was asked by Charles J. Guiteau for an appointment Garfield refused to and a few days later Garfield was shot Garfield’s death lead to the creation of the Pendleton Act which stated that government workers had to pass a written test to reach office.

Chapter 23-4 During the study of populism we move from the city to the country Populism was the movement to increase the political power of farmers. This was due to the fact that after the Civil War the farmers were suffering economically.

Cause for economic downfall During the war the government increased the money supply by issuing greenbacks. These could not be exchanged for gold or silver. Eventually the government gave the farmers options to help deal with this.

The government takes action again The department of agriculture sent Oliver Kelley to investigate the farming area. Started the grange program to help with farming and education.

To try and deal with the recession the grangers developed cooperatives. Cooperatives: A marketing organization that tried to increase prices and lower the costs of their members for crops.

Farmers alliance The alliance forms as Granges collapse Consists of around 3 million members. The plan was to build large groups of farms to try and force down the price of goods, and obtain loans.

Rise of the people As farming plans begin to fail a number of farmers formed the People’s party. The party existed to elect members of congress that would support farmers. Many were concerned that this group would hurt the democrat party.

The presidency The people’s party would come together and nominate James B. Weaver for President. Weaver called for the coinage of silver as well as federal ownership of the railroad. He also supported a graduated income tax which called for higher earners be taxed heavily.