Chapter 27 Empire and Expansion, 1890–1909

I. America Turns Outward National ambition for overseas expansion – Expanded resources and markets – Big Sister policy Latin America nations behind Uncle Sam’s leadership Great Rapprochement – Multiple crises with Great Britain avoided – Two nations reconcile

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II. Spurning the Hawaiian Pear Hawaii was an early attraction for Americans – Location, religion, sugar McKinley Tariff – Taxed Hawaiian sugar – Planters organized a successful revolt early 1893 – U.S. would not annex until 1898

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III. Cubans Rise in Revolt Cuba rose against their Spanish oppressor(1895) – The roots of the revolt were partly economic – Spanish general “Butcher” Weyler took charge Maine to Cuba for a “friendly visit” (1898) – Maine mysteriously blew up in Havana harbor McKinley sent his war message to Congress – Congress adopted the Teller Amendment U.S. would fight for Cuba’s freedom

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IV. Dewey’s May Day Victory at Manila (Spanish-American-Filipino War) U.S. plunged into war (May, 1898) Commodore Dewey attacked Spain’s Philippines – Assisted by Emilio Aguinaldo Pacific war increased a desire for Hawaii – Hawaii received full territorial status in 1900 Spain surrenders The Philippines (Aug., 1898)

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V. The Confused Invasion of Cuba (Spanish-American-Cuban War) The Rough Riders – Regiments of volunteers Organized principally by Theodore Roosevelt Commanded by Colonel Leonard Wood Spain on signed an armistice (August,1898) – U.S. deaths: ~5,000 died of disease, 400 by combat

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VI. America’s Course (Curse?) of Empire Paris Treaty(1898) ends Spanish-American War – Cuba gains independence (from Spanish overlords) – U.S. gains Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines U.S. paid $20 million for Mania The Anti-Imperialist League – Don’t annex Philippines – Don’t make Philippines a colony

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VII. Perplexities in Puerto Rico and Cuba The Insular Cases – Puerto Ricans/Filipinos) subject to American rule But they did not enjoy all American rights The anomalous Puerto Rico – The Foraker Act (1900) Congress granted U.S. citizenship in 1917 Cubans forced to accept Platt Amendment (1901) U.S. intervention when U.S. saw necessary

VIII. New Horizons in Two Hemispheres Spanish-American War – a “splendid little war” – Short (113 days) and successful U.S. became a full-fledged Asian power

IX. “Little Brown Brothers” in the Philippines Disappointed Filipinos hoped for independence – Emilio Aguinaldo fights back ( ) – United States was forced to deploy 126,000 troops – 4,234 Americans, ~600,000 Filipinos died William H. Taft became governor in 1901 – He called them his “little brown brothers” – “Benevolent assimilation” policy Cost U.S. millions Filipinos pined for liberty

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X. Hinging the Open Door in China Open Door note (1899) – Respect Chinese rights – Keep China an “open door’ to fair trade Boxer Rebellion – Anti-foreigner uprising Results of the Boxer Rebellion – Europeans/Americans win & control trade – Tens of thousands died – Chinese forced to pay $333 million reparations

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XI. Imperialism or Bryanism in 1900? McKinley renominated by Republicans in 1900 William Jennings, choice of the Democrats 1900 Election results – McKinley wins popular vote 7,218,491 to 6,356,734 – Electoral College 292 to 155 for McKinley Victory for the Republicans – Won b/c of Prosperity & protectionism. (The 2 P’s)

XII. TR: Brandisher of the Big Stick William McKinley murdered in September 1901 Teddy Roosevelt becomes President (age 42) Ardent champion of military and naval preparedness He loved people and mingled with all ranks – Disregarded delicate checks and balances – Take any action not forbidden by Constitution

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XIII. Building the Panama Canal Hay-Pauncefote Treaty: between US and GB – Gave U.S, legal right to build canal Congress decided on Panama route (June 1902) – The Columbian Senate rejected U.S. offer – Panama rebels, U.S. defends Panama and buys land Panama Canal Construction begins in 1901 – Cost was ~$400 million, completed in 1914

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XIV. TR’s Perversion of Monroe’s Doctrine The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine – “Preventive intervention” by the U.S. – No Europeans could push around Latin America TR’s promote the “Bad Neighbor” policy – U.S. seen as the ‘Colossus of the North’ – Policy used to justify wholesale interventions

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XV. Roosevelt on the World Stage Russo – Japanese War ( ) – Japan attacks Port Arthur (1904) – Russia’s counter attacks fail (1905) – TR negotiates a peace (1906) TR received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 – Russia & Japan both upset about treaty Japan and America now became rivals in Asia

XVI. Japanese Laborers in California Side effect of the Russo-Japanese War – Japanese immigrants poured into California – TR negotiated the “Gentlemen’s Agreement” TR sends out “The Great White Fleet” (1907) U.S./Japan sign Root-Tarahira agreement (1908) – Both agree to respect the other’s Pacific possessions – And to uphold the ‘Open Door’ in China.

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