Bell Work Why were the Intolerable Acts passed? What were the terms of the Intolerable Acts? This Day in History: April 20, Colonel Robert E. Lee resigns from the United States army two days after he was offered command of the Union army and three days after his native state, Virginia, seceded from the Union. April 20, With passage of the Third Force Act, popularly known as the Ku Klux Act, Congress authorizes President Ulysses S. Grant to declare martial law, impose heavy penalties against terrorist organizations, and use military force to suppress the Ku Klux Klan (KKK). April 20, Adolf Hitler is born in Austria. April 20, William McKinley asks Congress for a declaration of war against Spain. April 20, Two teenage gunmen kill 13 people in a shooting spree at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado. April 20, The BP Oil Spill begins in the Gulf of Mexico.

The American West

Boomtown In 1859 Henry Comstock discovered silver in Nevada. Five years later Nevada was admitted as the 36 th state. Examples of this happened many times in the west creating boomtowns.

Statehood Mining lead to statehood for Colorado, Arizona, the Dakotas, and Montana. When the mines were exhausted many towns were abandoned.

Linking the nation In 1862 Abraham Lincoln signed the Pacific Railway Act. The government offered land grants out west for every mile of track they laid down. During the 1850s and 1860s the government gave away 120 million acres of land.

Union Pacific Under the direction of Grenville Dodge. Started pushing westward from Omaha, NE in Workers included Civil War vets, Irish immigrants, and ex- cons.

Central Pacific Lead by Leland Stanford. Headed east from Sacramento, CA. Had to deal with building through mountains. Hired 10,000 Chinese laborers. Shipped all goods around South America.

Changing America In 1883 the American Railway Association divided the nation into 4 time zones. U.S. was connected like never before.

Open Range Longhorn cattle lived free in Texas. After the Civil War beef prices rose so cheap cattle was needed in the east. Cowboys began driving cattle up to Kansas to get on the rail lines back east.

Homestead Act Stephen Long in 1819 called the Great Plains the “Great American Desert.” In 1862 the U.S. passed the Homestead Act to encourage settlement. For $10 people could get 160 acres of land.

Closing of the Frontier In 1889 the U.S. opened the last territories for settlement in Oklahoma. 10,000 people rushed to claim land in OK. The next year the census said there was no longer a frontier in America.

Nomadic People Great Plains Indians largely relied on the buffalo. They were nomadic people who followed the herds for food.

Dakota Sioux Uprising The Dakota Sioux had agreed to live on reservations in Minnesota for annuities. After the rebellion 307 Dakotas were sentenced to death. After the Sioux fled Minnesota for the Dakota territory.

Sand Creek Massacre, 1864 John Evans ordered Cheyenne Indians in Colorado to surrender. In 1864 Chief Black Kettle looked to negotiate peace. He was ordered to camp at Sand Creek where his people were massacred.

Red Cloud’s War In the mid 19 th Century gold was discovered in the Black Hills The Lakota controlled the Black Hills and the Bighorn Mountains. In 1866 a group of Lakota under Crazy Horse wiped out a group of American soldiers under Captain Fetterman.

Plans for Peace The Indian Peace Commission of 1867 proposed two large reservations on the Plains. Reservations were meant to assimilate Indians into white culture.

Battle of the Little Bighorn, Custer’s Last Stand By the 1870’s Indians left the reservations. On June 25, 1876 Lt. Col. George Custer attacked a group of Lakota and Cheyenne by the Little Big Horn River.

Nez Perce In 1877 the Nez Perce people under Chief Joseph refused to move to a reservation. They eventually would surrender and be forced to move to Oklahoma.

Wounded Knee Defying orders the Lakota Sioux continued to do a Ghost Dance ritual. Sitting Bull had returned from Canada and was about to be arrested. December 29, Lakota were wiped out by the army.

Chapter 19 Review Page 544, 1 and 4 Page 545, 1-10