Physics 3313 - Lecture 7 Wednesday February 10, 2010 Dr. Andrew Brandt HW 2 (Ch 3 due today); HW3 (Ch 4) to be assigned today Atomic Models Rutherford Scattering Bohr Atom 2/10/2010 3313 Andrew Brandt

CHAPTER 4 Structure of the Atom 4.1 The Atomic Models of Thomson and Rutherford 4.2 Rutherford Scattering 4.3 The Classic Atomic Model 4.4 The Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom 4.5 Successes and Failures of the Bohr Model 4.6 Characteristic X-Ray Spectra and Atomic Number (skip) 4.7 Atomic Excitation by Electrons (skip) In the present first part of the paper the mechanism of the binding of electrons by a positive nucleus is discussed in relation to Planck’s theory. It will be shown that it is possible from the point of view taken to account in a simple way for the law of the line spectrum of hydrogen. - Niels Bohr, 1913 2/10/2010 3313 Andrew Brandt

Structure of the Atom By 1900 scientists had evidence that indicated the atom was not a fundamental unit: There seemed to be too many different kinds of atoms, each belonging to a distinct chemical element. Electromagnetic properties and line spectra hinted at some underlying structure. The problem of valence. Certain elements combined with some elements but not with others, a characteristic that hinted at an internal atomic structure. The discoveries of radioactivity, of x rays, and of the electron. 2/10/2010 3313 Andrew Brandt

Evolution of Atomic Models Cathode ray tube 1803: Dalton’s billiard ball model 1897: J.J. Thompson Discovered electrons Used cathode ray tubes Called corpuscles Made a bold claim that these make up atoms Measured charge/mass ratio 1904: J.J. Thompson Proposed a “plum pudding” model of atoms Negatively charged electrons embedded in a uniformly distributed positive charge Personally I prefer chocolate chip cookie model 2/10/2010 3313 Andrew Brandt

4.2 Rutherford Experiment 1911: Geiger and Marsden with Rutherford performed a scattering experiment firing alpha particles at a thin gold foil 2/10/2010 3313 Andrew Brandt

Rutherford Scattering The actual result was very different—although most events had small angle scattering, many wide angle scatters were observed “It was almost as incredible as if you fired a 15 inch shell at a piece of tissue paper and it came back at you” Implied the existence of the nucleus. We perform similar experiments at Fermilab and CERN to look for fundamental structure 2/10/2010 3313 Andrew Brandt

Rutherford Scattering Scattering experiments help us study matter too small to be observed directly. There is a relationship between the impact parameter b and the scattering angle θ. Assume small particle+ thin target, small massive scatterer, dominated by Coulomb Force When b is small, minimum r is small. Coulomb force gets large. θ can be large and the particle can be repelled backward. look at limiting cases for  2/10/2010 3313 Andrew Brandt

Rutherford Example On blackboard demonstrate size of radius from distance of closest approach 2/10/2010 3313 Andrew Brandt

Rutherford Scattering Equation In actual experiment a detector is positioned from θ to θ + dθ that corresponds to incident particles between b and b + db. The number of particles scattered per unit area is The cross section σ = πb2 is related to the probability for a particle being scattered by a nucleus. 2/10/2010 3313 Andrew Brandt

Ruherford Atom 1912: Rutherford’s planetary model, an atomic model with a positively charged heavy core surrounded by circling electrons But many questions: a) Z=A/2, Z=atomic number (number of electrons or protons) what is the other half of the atomic weight ? b)what holds the nucleus together? c)how do electrons move around the nucleus and does their motion explain observed atomic properties? 2/10/2010 3313 Andrew Brandt

Hydrogen Atom: Electron Orbit Consider a Hydrogen atom consisting of an electron and a proton Electron must be in motion or Coulomb Force would suck it into nucleus “Assume a spherical orbit” : this implies that the centripetal force must be balanced by the Coulomb force so Energy of electron is kinetic energy plus potential energy (where potential energy is defined to be 0 at infinity and negative at closer radius since you have to input work to keep electron and proton apart) Can thus determine radius of Hydrogen atom given Binding Energy (-13.6 eV) This is known as Bohr Radius 2/10/2010 3313 Andrew Brandt

Quantum Effects Classically an accelerating charge revolving with a frequency  would radiate at the same frequency. As it radiates, it loses energy, and radius decreases and frequency increases (death spiral) Law of physics in macro-world do not always apply in micro-world Quantum phenomena enter the picture Evidence for quantum nature of atoms: discrete line spectra emitted by low pressure gas when excited (by electric current)—only certain wavelengths emitted A gas absorbs light at some wavelengths of emission spectra, with the number intensity and wavelength of absorption lines depending on temperature, pressure, and motion of the source. This can be used to determine elements of a star and relative motion 2/10/2010 3313 Andrew Brandt

Spectral Lines: Balmer Series In 1885, Johann Balmer found an empirical formula for wavelength of the visible hydrogen line spectra in nm: nm (where k = 3,4,5…) 2/10/2010 3313 Andrew Brandt

Rydberg Equation As more scientists discovered emission lines at infrared and ultraviolet wavelengths, the Balmer series equation was extended to the Rydberg equation: 2/10/2010 3313 Andrew Brandt

Bohr Atom Assumptions: The electron moves in circular orbits under influence of Coulomb force Only certain stable orbits at which electron does not radiate Radiates when “jumps” from a more energetic initial state to a lower energy final state The mean kinetic energy of the electron-nucleus system is K = nhforb/2, where forb is the frequency of rotation. 2/10/2010 3313 Andrew Brandt

Bohr Atom Derivation with with or also gives 2/10/2010 3313 Andrew Brandt

Bohr Radius The diameter of the hydrogen atom for stationary states is Where the Bohr radius is given by The smallest diameter of the hydrogen atom is n = 1 gives its lowest energy state (called the “ground” state) recall: